ArticleCancers2022
T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer.
Article in Cancers, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atezolizumab for Advanced Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Trial
- Immuno-Oncology at the Crossroads: Confronting Challenges in the Quest for Effective Cancer Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A Tc1- and Th1-T-lymphocyte-rich tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of MSI colorectal cancer.The Journal of pathology · 2025Article
- PD-L1-positive circulating endothelial progenitor cells associated with immune response to PD-1 blockade in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Semi-automated validation and quantification of CTLA-4 in 90 different tumor entities using multiple antibodies and artificial intelligence.Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Although quantification of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has become of increasing interest in immuno-oncology, only little is known about TILs infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and its predictive value in vulvar cancer. Methods: Immunohistochemistry and automated digital image analysis was applied to measure the densities of CD3+ (DAKO, #IR503) and CD8+ (DAKO, #IR623) TILs at the invasive margin and in the center of 530 vulvar squamous cell cancers. Results: An elevated density of CD3+ T-cell at the invasive margin was significantly associated with low tumor stage (p = 0.0012) and prolonged survival (overall survival [OS] p = 0.0027, progression free survival [PFS] p = 0.024) and was independent from tumor stage, nodal stage, grade, and HPV-status in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). The prognostic impact of CD3+ cells in the center of the tumor was weaker compared to the invasive margin (OS p = 0.046, PFS p = 0.031) and lacking for CD8+ T-cell densities at any location (p ≥ 0.14 each). Unsupervised clustering of CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell densities identified three major subgroups corresponding to the immune desert (137 patients), immune excluded (220 patients) and immune inflamed phenotypes (133 patients). Survival analysis revealed a particular poor prognosis for the immune desert phenotype for OS (p = 0.0071) and PFS (p = 0.0027). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a high prognostic value of CD3+ T-cells at the invasive margin and immune phenotypes in vulvar squamous cell cancer.
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Registered trials
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