ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Sex and APOE Genotype Alter the Basal and Induced Inflammatory States of Primary Microglia from APOE Targeted Replacement Mice.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- A ketogenic diet improves memory in females in the APOE4 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Bioenergetics and lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: From cell biology to systemic health.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- DDT exposure induces microglial activation and disease-associated microglial signatures: Relevance to mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.Neurotoxicology · 2025Article
- The Neurolipid Atlas: a lipidomics resource for neurodegenerative diseases.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
- APOE4 reshapes the lipid droplet proteome and modulates microglial inflammatory responses.Neurobiology of disease · 2025Article
- The APOE-Microglia Axis in Alzheimer's Disease: Functional Divergence and Therapeutic Perspectives-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- From Genetics to Neuroinflammation: The Impact of ApoE4 on Microglial Function in Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2025Review
- Female sex is linked to a stronger association between sTREM2 and CSF p-tau in Alzheimer's disease.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Inhibiting the Cholesterol Storage Enzyme ACAT1/SOAT1 in Aging Apolipoprotein E4 Mice Alters Their Brains' Inflammatory Profiles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A small-molecule TLR4 antagonist reduced neuroinflammation in female E4FAD mice.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Article
- Roles of ApoE4 on the Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease and the Potential Therapeutic Approaches.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- The Role of Phytochemicals and Gut Microbiome in Atherosclerosis in Preclinical Mouse Models.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Plasma IAPP-Autoantibody Levels in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Are Affected byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Senescent Microglia Represent a Subset of Disease-Associated Microglia in P301S Mice.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Adaptive immune crosstalk and complement dysregulation in the aging retina.Tzu chi medical journalReview
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The sex and APOE4 genotype are significant risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the mechanism(s) responsible for this interaction are still a matter of debate. Here, we assess the responses of mixed-sex and sex-specific APOE3 and APOE4 primary microglia (PMG) to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. In our investigation, inflammatory cytokine profiles were assessed by qPCR and multiplex ELISA assays. Mixed-sex APOE4 PMG exhibited higher basal mRNA expression and secreted levels of TNFa and IL1b. In sex-specific cultures, basal expression and secreted levels of IL1b, TNFa, IL6, and NOS2 were 2−3 fold higher in APOE4 female PMG compared to APOE4 males, with both higher than APOE3 cells. Following an inflammatory stimulus, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the secreted cytokine level were upregulated in the order E4 female > E4 male > E3 female > E3 male in sex-specific cultures. These data indicate that the APOE4 genotype and female sex together contribute to a greater inflammatory response in PMG isolated from targeted replacement humanized APOE mice. These data are consistent with clinical data and indicate that sex-specific PMG may provide a platform for exploring mechanisms of genotype and sex differences in AD related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.