ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2022
Review of the application of Kirchhoff's Laws of series and parallel flows to pharmacology: Defining organ clearance.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- AI is Excellent at the Discovery and Identification of Unrecognized Scientific Knowledge but There Is No Evidence That AI Can Create New Scientific Knowledge.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- A principled basis for nonequilibrium network flows.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mathematical Modeling in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics: Correct In Vitro, Not Always Valid In Vivo.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Recalling the Definition of Basic Pharmacokinetic Parameters to Avoid Potential Pitfalls.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Net Influx Rather Than Directional Rates: Re-evaluating Transporter Characterization In Vivo and In Vitro for Renal and Hepatic Clearance.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Simplifying Pharmacokinetics, Applying it to Drug and Dosage Form Development, and Making Drug Dosage Decisions in Clinical Medicine: The Adaptation of Kirchhoff's Laws from Physics.The AAPS journal · 2025Article
- Response to the commentary on "are all measures of liver KpEuropean journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2025Article
- Application of Kirchhoff's Laws to pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic analyses.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- The potential of developing high hepatic clearance drugs via controlled release: Lessons from Kirchhoff's Laws.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Commentary: Pharmacokinetic Theory Must Consider Published Experimental Data.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2024Article
- Are all measures of liver KpEuropean journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2024Article
- An Explanation of Why Dose-Corrected Area Under the Curve for Alternate Administration Routes Can Be Greater than for Intravenous Dosing.The AAPS journal · 2024Article
- EvaluatingFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Notes on the Use of Kirchhoff's Laws in Pharmacokinetics.The AAPS journal · 2023Article
- The Uses and Advantages of Kirchhoff's Laws vs. Differential Equations in Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and (Even) Chemistry.The AAPS journal · 2023Article
- Process and System Clearances in Pharmacokinetic Models: Our Basic Clearance Concepts Are Correct.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dosing rate decisions for drugs and changes in dosing in a patient due to disease states, drug interactions and pharmacogenomics are all based on clearance, a measure of the body's ability to eliminate drug. The primary organs of elimination are the liver and the kidney. Clearance for each of these organs is a summative composition of biologic processes. In 1857, Gustav Kirchhoff first developed his laws to describe the "motion of electricity in conductors... [and] ...in wires", recognizing that summative processes occur either in parallel or in series. Since then, Kirchhoff's Laws have also been applied to heat transfer, diffusion and drag force on falling objects, but not to pharmacology. Although not previously recognized, renal clearance always follow Kirchhoff's Laws, as does hepatic clearance for drugs where basolateral transporters are not clinically relevant. However, when basolateral transporters are clinically relevant, we demonstrate that the present accepted approach is inconsistent with recognized drug disposition processes. However, this clearance relationship can be easily corrected using Kirchhoff's Laws. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that Kirchhoff's Laws, which define how to approach rate processes that occur in parallel versus processes that occur in series, can be applicable to pharmacology in addition to the over 160-year recognition of their use in physical sciences. We anticipate that the application to clearance will be only the first of many such pharmacological analyses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.