ArticleJAMA network open2022
Analysis of Heavy Rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa and HIV Transmission Risk, HIV Prevalence, and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2005-2017.
Article in JAMA network open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estimated HIV cases and costs in South Africa due to global warming from 2000 to 2050: a modeling study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Changes in resource insecurity, sexual and mental health among young women after Kenya's 2024 heavy rains and floods.International health · 2026Article
- Associations between extreme weather events, mobility, and resource insecurities with HIV vulnerabilities among older adults in Moshi, Tanzania: Cross-sectional findings.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2026Article
- Associations Between Extreme Weather Events, Resource Insecurities, and HIV Vulnerabilities Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya: Latent Profile Analysis Findings.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Extreme rainfall and anaemia among children under five in 46 low- and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Integrated impact of climate change on health outcomes and economic stability in PEPFAR-supported African countries.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Exploring Socioeconomic Factors Among Women Living with HIV in Malawi and Kenya.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Extreme Weather Events and Linkages with HIV Vulnerabilities Among Young Sex Workers and Sexually Diverse Men in Nairobi, Kenya: Qualitative Multi-method Insights.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Climate change, resource insecurities and sexual and reproductive health among young adolescents in Kenya: a multi-method qualitative inquiry.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Climate change and extreme weather events and linkages with HIV outcomes: recent advances and ways forward.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Exploring the associations of weather and climate with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Climate change and sexual and reproductive health and rights research in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Climate change, flooding, and HIV transmission in Africa: Potential relationships and a call for action.Public health challenges · 2024Article
- Investigating the Associations between Drought, Poverty, High-Risk Sexual Behaviours, and HIV Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Global health, science and practice · 2024Article
- Article
- Associations of inter-annual rainfall decreases with subsequent HIV outcomes for persons with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Southern Africa: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Associations Between Extreme Weather Events and Resource Insecurities With HIV Vulnerabilities and Biomedical HIV Prevention Outcomes Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Extreme precipitation, including heavy rains and flooding, is associated with poor health outcomes mediated in part by decreases in income and food production. However, the association between heavy rains and HIV burden is unknown. Objective: To investigate the association between heavy rainfall, HIV prevalence, and HIV transmission risk over a 12-year span in sub-Saharan Africa. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional population-based study, using data collected from the 2005-2017 Demographic and Health Surveys, was conducted in 21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and analyzed from July 29, 2021, to June 14, 2022. Exposures: Heavy rainfall was defined based on the extent to which annual rainfall deviated from the historical average (standardized precipitation index ≥1.5) at the enumeration area level. Main Outcomes and Measures: HIV, self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and number of sexual partners. Results: The study included 288 333 participants aged 15 to 59 years; 172 344 were women (59.8%), and 183 378 were married (63.6%). Mean (SD) age was 31.9 (10.0) years. Overall, 42.4% of participants were exposed to at least 1 year of heavy rainfall in the past 10 years. Each year of heavy rainfall was associated with 1.14 (95% CI, 1.11-1.18) times the odds of HIV infection and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.07-1.15) times the odds of an STI in the past 12 months. There was also an association between heavy rainfall and the reported number of sexual partners (incident rate ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.10-1.15). The odds were greater for the association between heavy rainfall and HIV prevalence and STIs among participants aged older than 20 years and participants in rural areas. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that heavy rainfall was associated with a higher HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The association between heavy rainfall and STIs and number of sexual partners suggests that an increase in the risk of sexual transmission is a plausible mechanism for the observed findings around HIV prevalence. Heavy rainfall could also worsen food insecurity, increasing the risk of transactional sex, or cause damage to public health infrastructure, reducing access to STI education, HIV testing, and treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.