ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2023
The Spectrum of Influenza in Children.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring long-term psychological effects of bronchiolitis and influenza in school-aged children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of 1 versus 2 doses of quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 3-8 years with or without previous influenza vaccination histories.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- In-Hospital Complications of Influenza A and B Among Hospitalized Australian Children in the Post-COVID Era.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Hospitalized children with influenza virus: a 17 year-long observational study including the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Analysis of influenza A, influenza B andFrontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Chinese Medicine Strategies for Influenza A: Research Progress and Prospects.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2025Review
- Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of influenza viruses in Fengdu district, Chongqing, China, from 2022 to 2024.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic Influenza Virus Infections by Season: Case-Ascertained Household Transmission Studies, United States, 2017-2023.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Characteristics of children with influenza admitted to a pediatric hospital in Greece during the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 seasons.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Life-Threatening Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in a Toddler with Influenza B: Case Report and Literature Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Increasing child vaccination coverage can reduce influenza cases across age groups: An agent-based modeling study.The Journal of infection · 2025Article
- Influenza in hospitalized pediatric patients in Poland: a retrospective single-center study of the 2023/2024 epidemic season.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Parents and teachers' perspectives on a school-located influenza vaccination program: A pilot study in the Region of Murcia, Spain.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis via sensitive testing methods in clinical application.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic influenza virus infections by season -- Case-ascertained household transmission studies, United States, 2017-2023.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Incidence and Characteristics of Pediatric Patients with Acute Otitis Hospitalized in a Romanian Infectious Diseases Hospital.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The role of asymptomatic infections in influenza transmission: what do we really know.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Seroprevalence of Protective Antibodies Against Influenza and the Reduction of the Influenza Incidence Rate: An Annual Repeated Cross-Sectional Study From 2014 to 2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- The Role and Value of Professional Rapid Testing of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in Europe: A Special Focus on the Czech Republic, Poland, and Romania.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChildren constitute an important component of the influenza burden and community transmission, but the frequency of asymptomatic infection and post-influenza sequelae at the community level is poorly understood.
methodsTwo community-based prospective cohort studies (2011-2020, 2017-2020) and 1 case-ascertained study (2012-2017) were conducted in Managua, Nicaragua. Non-immunocompromised children aged 0-14 years with ≥1 influenza infections, determined by polymerase chain reaction and hemagglutination inhibition assay, were included.
resultsA total of 1272 influenza infections occurred in the household-based portion of the study. Influenza infection was asymptomatic in 84 (6.6%) infections, and the asymptomatic fraction increased with age (1.7%, 3.5%, and 9.1% for ages 0-1, 2-4, and 5-14, respectively; P < .001). Of asymptomatic children, 43 (51.2%) shed virus, compared to 1099 (92.5%) symptomatic children (P < .001). Also, 2140 cases of influenza occurred in the primary care portion of the study. Sequelae of influenza were rare, with the most common being pneumonia (52, 2.4%) and acute otitis media (71, 3.3%). A/H1N1 had higher age-adjusted odds of acute otitis media (odds ratio [OR] 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-3.48; P = .015) and hospitalization (OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.68-8.67; P = .002) than A/H3N2. B/Victoria had higher age-adjusted odds of pneumonia (OR 10.99, 95% CI: 1.34-90.28; P = .026) than B/Yamagata.
conclusionsAsymptomatic influenza infection is much less common in children than adults, although viral shedding still occurs in asymptomatic children. Post-influenza sequelae are rare in children in the community setting, and virus strain may be important in understanding the risk of sequelae.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.