ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2023
Should Cognitive Screening Tests Be Corrected for Age and Education? Insights From a Causal Perspective.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiome functional gene pathways are indicative of cognitive performance in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Cognitive Impairment Associated with Chemotherapy: Neuroimmunological Interactions, Gut-Brain Axis, and Therapeutic Approaches.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- The use of routinely collected structural neuroimaging to identify cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic utility of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III in differentiating Alzheimer's disease dementia, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia.Postepy psychiatrii neurologii · 2026Article
- Cognitive Trajectories from Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease to Dementia.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Construction of a classification model for dementia among Brazilian adults aged 50 and over.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Methodological innovations in studying marginalized populations in research on neurodegeneration and ageing.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Development and Piloting of Co.Ge.: A Web-Based Digital Platform for Generative and Clinical Cognitive Assessment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Mayo Normative Studies: Regression-based normative data for remote self-administration of the Stricker Learning Span, Symbols Test, and Mayo Test Drive Screening Battery Composite and validation in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Article
- Screening properties of the updated normative framework for the Italian MMSE in MCI and dementia.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- No matter how big it is, but how you use it: the importance of demographic adjustment in clinical neuropsychology.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Consequences of age and education correction of cognitive screening tests - A simulation study of the MoCA test in Italy.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Mayo Normative Studies: regression-based normative data for remote self-administration of the Stricker Learning Span, Symbols Test and Mayo Test Drive Screening Battery Composite and validation in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Free-living ambulatory physical activity and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: the significance of step rate vs. step volume.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cognitive screening tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination are widely used in clinical routine to predict cognitive impairment. The raw test scores are often corrected for age and education, although documented poorer discrimination performance of corrected scores has challenged this practice. Nonetheless, test correction persists, perhaps due to the seemingly counterintuitive nature of the underlying problem. We used a causal framework to inform the long-standing debate from a more intuitive angle. We illustrate and quantify the consequences of applying the age-education correction of cognitive tests on discrimination performance. In an effort to bridge theory and practical implementation, we computed differences in discrimination performance under plausible causal scenarios using Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS)-1 data. We show that when age and education are causal risk factors for cognitive impairment and independently also affect the test score, correcting test scores for age and education removes meaningful information, thereby diminishing discrimination performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.