ArticlePLoS biology2022
Anterior cingulate cortex causally supports flexible learning under motivationally challenging and cognitively demanding conditions.
Article in PLoS biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep learning for synthetic PET imaging: a systematic mapping review of techniques, metrics, and clinical relevance.European radiology experimental · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Prefrontal cortex interneurons and their contributions to attention, working memory, and adaptive behavior.Progress in neurobiology · 2026Review
- Inhibitory Control, Shifting, and Working Memory Updating Domains form Cognitive Phenotypes in Non-human Primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Non-invasive ultrasonic neuromodulation of the human nucleus accumbens impacts reward sensitivity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Neuronal Decoding of Decisions in Multidimensional Feature Space Using a Gated Recurrent Variational Autoencoder.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Non-invasive Ultrasonic Neuromodulation of the Human Nucleus Accumbens Impacts Reward Sensitivity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A toolbox for generating multidimensional 3D objects with fine-controlled feature space: Quaddle 2.0.Behavior research methods · 2025Article
- Adaptive Reinforcement Learning is causally supported by Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Noradrenergic alpha-2a receptor stimulation enhances prediction error signaling and updating of attention sets in anterior cingulate cortex and striatum.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Noradrenergic alpha-2a Receptor Stimulation Enhances Prediction Error Signaling in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Alteration of functional connectivity in the cortex and major brain networks of non-human primates following focused ultrasound exposure.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Generating Patient-Specific Acoustic Simulations for Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Procedures Based on Optical Tracking Information.IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum (STR) contain neurons encoding not only the expected values of actions, but also the value of stimulus features irrespective of actions. Values about stimulus features in ACC or STR might contribute to adaptive behavior by guiding fixational information sampling and biasing choices toward relevant objects, but they might also have indirect motivational functions by enabling subjects to estimate the value of putting effort into choosing objects. Here, we tested these possibilities by modulating neuronal activity in ACC and STR of nonhuman primates using transcranial ultrasound stimulation while subjects learned the relevance of objects in situations with varying motivational and cognitive demands. Motivational demand was indexed by varying gains and losses during learning, while cognitive demand was varied by increasing the uncertainty about which object features could be relevant during learning. We found that ultrasound stimulation of the ACC, but not the STR, reduced learning efficiency and prolonged information sampling when the task required averting losses and motivational demands were high. Reduced learning efficiency was particularly evident at higher cognitive demands and when subjects experienced loss of already attained tokens. These results suggest that the ACC supports flexible learning of feature values when loss experiences impose a motivational challenge and when uncertainty about the relevance of objects is high. Taken together, these findings provide causal evidence that the ACC facilitates resource allocation and improves visual information sampling during adaptive behavior.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.