ArticlePloS one2022
Validity of smartphone-based retinal photography (PEEK-retina) compared to the standard ophthalmic fundus camera in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy in Uganda: A cross-sectional study.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smartphone ophthalmoscopy for assessment of hypertensive retinopathy in suspected hypertensive emergency: a pilot study.Clinical hypertension · 2026Article
- Integrating sickle cell disease care into primary healthcare in Uganda: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Application of smartphone ophthalmoscope in ophthalmic clinical practice and teaching.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Eye care interventions that reduce access inequities for women, rural residents and older people in low-middle-income countries: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Clinical utility of handheld fundus and smartphone-based camera for monitoring diabetic retinal diseases: a review study.International ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Accuracy of Low-Cost, Smartphone-Based Retinal Photography for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: A Systematic Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus and is a significant cause of blindness worldwide. In Uganda, the prevalence of diabetes is approximately 2.7% of the urban population and 1% in rural areas. Many diabetics cannot access an eye exam due to the lack of less costly and user-friendly equipment that primary eye workers can use. Smartphone-based fundus photography allows for a cheap and mobile fundus examination. The study aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Portable Eye Examination Kit (PEEK) retina compared to a standard ophthalmic fundus camera (Zeiss Visucam 200) for the diagnosis of DR.
methodsFrom January-March 2020, 286 people with diabetes (type 1 & 2) patients were seen at Kiruddu National referral hospital diabetes clinic. All participants had funduscopy with PEEK retina and the standard ophthalmic fundus camera following ophthalmic examination and pupillary dilation. The PEEK retina's sensitivity, specificity and reliability were determined using an ophthalmic fundus camera as the gold standard.
resultsThe participants' mean age was 51 with a standard deviation of ±11years, 213 (74.5%) were females, and the majority (93.4%) had Type 2 diabetes. The overall Sensitivity of PEEK retina for DR was 84% (95% CI 70.9-83.5), while the specificity was 79.9% (95% CI 76-83.5) with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 30.9% (95% CI 23.2-39.4) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.9% (95% CI 95.9-99.1).
conclusionsPEEK retina has high sensitivity and specificity, making it suitable for screening and diagnostic purposes. Therefore, we recommend the integration of the PEEK retina in the screening and diagnosis of DR in resource-limited settings.
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