ReviewCurrent research in immunology2022
T cell immunity is key to the pandemic endgame: How to measure and monitor it.
Review in Current research in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay for the evaluation of cellular immunity after immunization with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunologic research · 2024Pooled it
- Development of a unified mass cytometry assay integrating activation-induced markers (AIMs) and cytokine profiling for high-throughput assessment of antigen-specific T cell responses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Mini-review on the therapeutic vaccines targeting chronic infectious diseases: Evaluation system of therapeutic vaccines targeting HPV and EBV-related cancers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- COVID-19 vaccination-infection status and immunological profile from India: A case study for prioritizing at risk population for targeted immunization.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Self-reported COVID-19 severity among persons with tuberculosis infection in western Kenya, 2021.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- An optimised whole blood interleukin-2 release assay is more sensitive than interferon-γ ELISpot for detecting and quantifying gluten-specific CD4Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Epitope mapping and a candidate vaccine design from canine distemper virus.Open veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Comparative Study of T-Cell Repertoires after COVID-19 Immunization with Homologous or Heterologous Vaccine Booster.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparing population-level humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-Cov-2 in Bangalore, India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Quantification of heterogeneity in human CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immunity after Vaccination against COVID-19.Vaccines · 2023Article
- SARS-Cov-2 Infection and Seroconversion Rates in Healthcare Providers Prior to COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout.Biological research for nursing · 2023Article
- Evaluation of T cell responses with the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay in individuals with 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Integrated antibody and cellular immunity monitoring are required for assessment of the long term protection that will be essential for effective next generation vaccine development.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody response: the comparability of S1-specific binding assays depends on epitope and isotype discrimination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
As vaccine deployment improves the healthcare emergency status caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we need reliable tools to evaluate the duration of protective immunity at a global scale. Seminal studies have demonstrated that while neutralizing antibodies can protect us from viral infection, T cell-mediated cellular immunity provides long-term protection from severe COVID-19, even in the case of emerging new variants of concern (VOC). Indeed, the emergence of VOCs, able to substantially escape antibodies generated by current vaccines, has made the analysis of correlates of humoral protection against infection obsolete. The focus should now shift towards immunological correlates of protection from disease based on quantification of cellular immunity. Despite this evidence, an assessment of T cell responses is still overlooked. This is largely due to technical challenges and lack of validated diagnostic tests. Here, we review the current state of the art of available tests to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific Tcells and non-antigen specific T-cells. These assays range from the analysis of the T cell-receptor (TCR) diversity (i.e. Immunoseq and MHC tetramer staining) to the detection of functional T cell activation (i.e. ICS, AIM, Elispot, ELLA, dqTACT, etc.) either from purified Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) or whole blood. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of each assay, proposing their ideal use for different scopes. Finally, we argue how it is paramount to deploy cheap, standardized, and scalable assays to measure T cell functionality to fill this critical diagnostic gap and manage these next years of the pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.