Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36064385›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2022

COVID-19 related stigma among the general population in Iran.

Masoomeh Faghankhani, Hossein Nourinia, Ali Ahmad Rafiei-Rad, Aliyeh Mahdavi Adeli, Mohammad Reza Javadi Yeganeh, Hamid Sharifi, Hamidreza Namazi, Shaghayegh Khosravifar, Alaleh Bahramian, Mahdi Fathimakvand and 5 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 20% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
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  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.

Masoomeh Faghankhani *Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Mansouri Street, Niyayesh Street, Satarkhan Avenue, Tehran, 1445613111, Iran.
Hossein NouriniaAcademic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Humanities and Social Studies Research Center, 47 Nazari Street, Abureyhan Street, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran, 141554364, Iran.
Ali Ahmad Rafiei-RadHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Highway, Medical University Campus, 7616911320, Kerman, Iran.
Aliyeh Mahdavi AdeliSchool of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
Mohammad Reza Javadi YeganehDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Jalal Al-e Ahmad Highway, Tehran, 1411713118, Iran.
Hamid SharifiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Highway, Medical University Campus, 7616911320, Kerman, Iran.
Hamidreza NamaziDepartment of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina Street, Qods Street, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.
Shaghayegh KhosravifarDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran.
Alaleh BahramianDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Mansouri Street, Niyayesh Street, Satarkhan Avenue, Tehran, 1445613111, Iran.
Mahdi FathimakvandCEO, Armandar Company, 16 Kambiz Street, West Zartosht Street, Apt. 7., Tehran, Iran.
Elnaz GolalipourSchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Arabi Avenue, Daneshjoo Boulevard, Velenjak, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
Fatemeh Sadat MirfazeliDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Mansouri Street, Niyayesh Street, Satarkhan Avenue, Tehran, 1445613111, Iran.
Hamid Reza BaradaranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
Graham ThornicroftCentre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan *Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Mansouri Street, Niyayesh Street, Satarkhan Avenue, Tehran, 1445613111, Iran. jalali.ah@iums.ac.ir.
Iran University of Medical Sciences · IRKerman University of Medical Sciences · IRAcademic Center for Education, Culture and Research · IRIran Khodro (Iran) · IRIsfahan University of Medical Sciences · IRKing's College London · GBShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences · IRTehran University of Medical Sciences · IRUniversity of Tehran · IR

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/R023697/1Medical Research Council MR/S001255/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCOVID-19 related stigma has been identified as a critical issue since the beginning of the pandemic. We developed a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure COVID-19 related enacted stigma, inflicted by the non-infected general population. We applied the questionnaire to measure COVID-19 related enacted stigma among Tehran citizens from 27 to 30 September 2020.

methodsA preliminary questionnaire with 18 items was developed. The total score ranged from 18 to 54; a higher score indicated a higher level of COVID-19 related stigma. An expert panel assessed the face and content validity. Of 1637 randomly recruited Tehran citizens without a history of COVID-19 infection, 1064 participants consented and were interviewed by trained interviewers by phone.

resultsItem content validity index (I-CVI), Item content validity ratio (I-CVR), and Item face validity index (I-FVI) were higher than 0.78 for all 18 items. The content and face validity were established with a scale content validity index (S-CVI) of 0.90 and a scale face validity index (S-CVI) of 93.9%, respectively. Internal consistency of the questionnaire with 18 items was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.625. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five latent variables, including "blaming", "social discrimination", "dishonor label", "interpersonal contact", and "retribution and requital attitude". The median of the stigma score was 24 [25th percentile: 22, 75

conclusionWe found a low level of stigmatizing thoughts and behavior among the non-infected general population in Tehran, which may be due to the social desirability effect, to the widespread nature of COVID-19, or to the adaptation to sociocultural diversity of the large city.

Indexed as

COVID-19HumansIranPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSocial StigmaSurveys and QuestionnairesCOVID-19Cross-sectional studiesEnacted stigmaIranMental healthPandemicsSocial stigmaSurveys and questionnairesUrban population

Identifiers

PMID36064385
PMCPMC9442561
OpenAlexW4294685451

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.