ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2022
Influenza: Toward understanding the immune response in the young.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Feasibility and safety profile of intranasal third-party allogeneic CD45ROFrontiers in medicine · 2026Trial
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibody Titers as Mediators of Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Against Symptomatic Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B/Victoria Virus Infections.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Temporal patterns and risk factors of recurrent influenza infection: a population-based epidemiological study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Disease burden associated with influenza activity at the population level.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Suppression and resurgence: the evolving epidemiology of seasonal influenza from 2015 to 2024 in a core urban district of Beijing, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Analysis of influenza surveillance results in Sichuan Province in China, 2023-2025.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Serum cytokines during acute respiratory infection and relationship to age.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Role of Viral Interference in Shaping RSV Epidemics Following the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Serum Cytokines During Acute Respiratory Infection and Relationship to Age.Journal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
- Factors associated with hospitalization of people with influenza in a Malaysian tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2019.PloS one · 2025Article
- Development of Influenza-Specific CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children Following Inactivated Influenza Vaccination.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2024Article
- Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Differentially Influences the Mucosal Immune Pathways Upon Influenza Infection in a Humanized Gnotobiotic Pig Model.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- Risk factors for pneumonia among children with coinfection of influenza A virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Influenza-A-Associated Urgent Care, Emergency Department, and Hospital Encounters During the 2022-2023 Season: VISION Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Influenza Vaccination Coverage Rates and Determinants in Greek Children until the Age of Ten (2008-2019), the Rhea Mother-Child Cohort.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Risk factors for death associated with severe influenza in children and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical characteristics.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Multi-omics association analysis reveals interactions between the oropharyngeal microbiome and the metabolome in pediatric patients with influenza A virus pneumonia.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Annually influenza causes a global epidemic resulting in 290,000 to 650,000 deaths and extracts a massive toll on healthcare and the economy. Infants and children are more susceptible to infection and have more severe symptoms than adults likely mitigated by differences in their innate and adaptive immune responses. While it is unclear the exact mechanisms with which the young combat influenza, it is increasingly understood that their immune responses differ from adults. Specifically, underproduction of IFN-γ and IL-12 by the innate immune system likely hampers viral clearance while upregulation of IL-6 may create excessive damaging inflammation. The infant's adaptive immune system preferentially utilizes the Th-2 response that has been tied to γδ T cells and their production of IL-17, which may be less advantageous than the adult Th-1 response for antiviral immunity. This differential immune response of the young is considered to serve as a unique evolutionary adaptation such that they preferentially respond to infection broadly rather than a pathogen-specific one generated by adults. This unique function of the young immune system is temporally, and possibly mechanistically, tied to the microbiota, as they both develop in coordination early in life. Additional research into the relationship between the developing microbiota and the immune system is needed to develop therapies effective at combating influenza in the youngest and most vulnerable of our population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.