ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2022
Influence of community-level sanitation coverage and population density on environmental fecal contamination and child health in a longitudinal cohort in rural Bangladesh.
Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01590095 (WASH Benefits Bangladesh), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
WASH Benefits Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Benefits of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Plus Nutrition Interventions on Child Growth
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the effect of neighborhood sanitation coverage on childhood diarrheal disease in rural Bangladesh.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Trial
- Performance of Pit Latrines and Their Herd Protection Against Diarrhea: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Rural Ethiopia.Global health, science and practice · 2024Trial
- Animal husbandry and environmental conditions are associated with cefotaxime-resistantmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Animal husbandry and environmental conditions are associated with cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli in yard soil in peri-urban Malawi.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Socio-Demographic and Household Environmental Conditions Associated With Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease in Burao, Somaliland.Environmental health insights · 2026Article
- Assessing the associations between public works participation, household water and sanitation conditions, and child nutrition in Southern Madagascar: a mediation analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Spatial distribution and associated factors of public healthcare infrastructure in tourism-oriented environments: evidence from Southwest China in the context of residential tourism.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Behavioral patterns in latrine use and handwashing in rural western Kenya: Age, time of day, and the role of perceived safety.PloS one · 2026Article
- Associations between Fecal Contamination of the Household Environment and Enteric Pathogen Detection in Children Living in Maputo, Mozambique.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Using machine learning to identify subgroups with the highest expected benefit in a population-based water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition intervention.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Epidemiologic study of waterborne and foodborne diseases in Brazil: mapping trends and challenges through a 22-year (2000-2021) historical series.Journal of water and health · 2025Article
- To use financial incentives or not? Insights from experiments in encouraging sanitation investments in four countries.World development · 2025Article
- The burden and etiologies of diarrhea in Asia and its countries from 1990 to 2021 and the forecast to 2040: analyses informed by the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Spatial-Temporal Patterns in the Enteric Pathogen Contamination of Soil in the Public Environments of Low- and Middle-Income Neighborhoods in Nairobi, Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- PersistentEnvironmental science & technology · 2022Article
- Prioritizing climate-sensitive zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh: integrating climate hazards, pathogen transmissibility and potential health outcomes.The journal of climate change and healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHousehold-level sanitation interventions have had limited effects on child health or environmental contamination, potentially due to low community coverage. Higher community-level coverage with safely managed sanitation can reduce opportunities for disease transmission.
methodsWe estimated associations between community sanitation coverage, environmental fecal contamination, and child health among 360 compounds in the control arm of the WASH Benefits trial in rural Bangladesh (NCT01590095). In each compound, we enumerated E. coli in environmental samples and recorded the 7-day prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five. We observed indicators of latrine access and quality among all neighboring compounds within 100 m of study compounds. We defined community coverage as the proportion of neighboring compounds with (1) at least one latrine, and (2) exclusively hygienic latrines (improved facility observed to safely contain feces), within both 50 m and 100 m of study compounds. We assessed effect modification by population density and season.
resultsAdjusted for confounders, study compounds surrounded by 100% coverage of at least one latrine per compound within 50 m had slightly lower log
conclusionHigher community sanitation coverage was associated with reduced fecal contamination and improved child health, with stronger effects at highly local scales (50m) and at high population densities. Our findings indicate that the relationship between community sanitation coverage, environmental contamination, and child health varies by definition of coverage, distance, and population density. This work highlights significant uncertainty around how to best measure sanitation coverage and the expected health effects of increasing sanitation coverage using a specific metric. Better understanding of community-level sanitation access is needed to inform policy for implementing sanitation systems that effectively protect community health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.