Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36057695›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2022

Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between smoking, depression and inflammation.

D Galan, B I Perry, V Warrier, C C Davidson, O Stupart, D Easton, G M Khandaker, G K Murray

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Editorial Perspective: Smoking, vaping and mental health - a perspective on potential causal mechanisms.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

D Galan *Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
B I Perry *Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
V WarrierDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
C C DavidsonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
O StupartDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
D EastonDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
G M KhandakerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
G K MurrayDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. gm285@cam.ac.uk.

Funding

Department of Health DRF-2018-11-ST2-018Wellcome Trust 201486/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 214322\Z\18\Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Smoking, inflammation and depression commonly co-occur and may be mechanistically linked. However, key questions remain around the direction of association and the influence of residual confounding. We aimed to characterize the association between lifetime smoking and depression, as well as to assess the role that genetically-predicted C-reactive protein (CRP) level, (an archetypal generalized inflammatory marker) and/or IL-6 activity, as a potential explanation for this association. We performed inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using recently published summary-level GWAS data for lifetime smoking index, CRP levels, and depression. A subset of inflammatory-related genetic variants from the lifetime smoking GWAS were also used to assess the potential inflammatory causal pathways between smoking and depression. The analysis indicated reciprocal relationships of lifetime smoking with depression (OR

Indexed as

Mendelian Randomization AnalysisSmokingDepressionGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansInflammationInterleukin-6Polymorphism, Single NucleotideInterleukin-6

Identifiers

PMID36057695
PMCPMC9440889

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.