ArticleThe Lancet. Public health2022
The effect of a proof-of-vaccination requirement, incentive payments, and employer-based mandates on COVID-19 vaccination rates in New York City: a synthetic-control analysis.
Article in The Lancet. Public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- A scoping review of vaccine certificate implementation in Canada and OECD countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: Outcomes and lessons learned.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- An open repository of COVID-19 vaccine mandate studies with a worked scoping review of quasi-experimental evidence.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Impact of Vaccination-Differentiated Public Health and Social Measures on Vaccine Uptake Among the Vaccine Hesitant.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Scope and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Workplace Vaccination Mandates During the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Effect of a Vaccine Mandate in Nonessential Public Spaces in New Orleans, Louisiana, on COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, 2021-2022.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- US states that mandated COVID-19 vaccination see higher, not lower, take-up of COVID-19 boosters and flu vaccines.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Acceptability of an Incentivized Peer Referral Intervention to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adults in Yopougon-Est, Côte d'Ivoire.Global health, science and practice · 2024Article
- Article
- Factors associated with receiving an initial COVID-19 vaccine among Alaskan residents: results from an online cross-sectional survey.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Article
- Reducing Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: Community Ideas from Urban and Rural Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Assessing the impact of COVID-19 passes and mandates on disease transmission, vaccination intention, and uptake: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The backfiring effects of monetary and gift incentives on Covid-19 vaccination intentions.China economic review · 2023Article
- Increases In COVID-19 Vaccination Among NYC Municipal Employees After Implementation Of Vaccination Requirements.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2023Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19 vaccines have been available to all adults in the USA since April, 2021, but many adults remain unvaccinated. We aimed to assess the joint effect of a proof-of-vaccination requirement, incentive payments, and employer-based mandates on rates of adult vaccination in New York City (NYC).
methodsWe constructed a synthetic control group for NYC composed of other counties in the core of large, metropolitan areas in the USA. The vaccination outcomes for NYC were compared against those of the synthetic control group from July 26, 2021, to Nov 1, 2021, to determine the differential effects of the policies. Analyses were conducted on county-level vaccination data reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The synthetic control group was constructed by matching on county-level preintervention vaccination outcomes, partisanship, economic attributes, demographics, and metropolitan area population. Statistical inference was conducted using placebo tests for non-treated counties.
findingsThe synthetic control group resembled NYC across attributes used in the matching process. The cumulative adult vaccination rate for NYC (in adults aged 18 years or older who received at least one dose of an authorised COVID-19 vaccine) increased from 72·5% to 89·4% (+16·9 percentage points [pp]) during the intervention period, compared with an increase from 72·5% to 83·2% (+10·7 pp) for the synthetic control group, a difference of 6·2 pp (95% CI 1·4-10·7), or 410 201 people (90 966-706 532). Daily vaccinations for NYC were consistently higher than those in the synthetic control group, a pattern that started shortly after the start of the intervention period.
interpretationThe combination of a proof-of-vaccination requirement, incentive payments, and vaccine mandates increased vaccination rates among adults in NYC compared with jurisdictions that did not use the same measures. Whether the impact of these measures occurred by inducing more people to get vaccinated, or by accelerating vaccinations that would have occurred later, the increase in vaccination rates likely averted illness and death.
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