ArticleChemosphere2022
Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program.
Article in Chemosphere, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intra-individual variability of urinary non-persistent chemical concentrations during pregnancy in the ECHO Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to aromatic amines and associations with infant cognition in the ECHO.CA.IL cohorts.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast milk and early life exposure for infants in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Occurrence of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Milk, Baby Food, and Protein Supplements Marketed in Croatia.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prenatal melamine, aromatic amine, and psychosocial stress exposures and their association with gestational diabetes mellitus in a San Francisco pregnancy cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Comparative evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine biodegradation by Penicillium hetheringtonii and Fusarium sp.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
- Associations of prenatal urinary melamine, melamine analogues, and aromatic amines with gestational duration and fetal growth in the ECHO Cohort.Environment international · 2025Article
- Article
- Aniline - Addendum: Re-evaluation of the BAT value and evaluation of a pregnancy risk group for the BAT value: Assessment Values in Biological Material - Translation of the German version from 2025.The MAK collection for occupational health and safety · 2025Review
- Advancing Understanding of Chemical Exposures and Maternal-child Health Through the U.S. Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program: A Scoping Review.Current environmental health reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Variability in urinary concentrations of primary aromatic amines.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 14 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMelamine, melamine derivatives, and aromatic amines are nitrogen-containing compounds with known toxicity and widespread commercial uses. Nevertheless, biomonitoring of these chemicals is lacking, particularly during pregnancy, a period of increased susceptibility to adverse health effects.
objectivesWe aimed to measure melamine, melamine derivatives, and aromatic amine exposure in pregnant women across the United States (U.S.) and evaluate associations with participant and urine sample collection characteristics.
methodsWe measured 43 analytes, representing 45 chemicals (i.e., melamine, three melamine derivatives, and 41 aromatic amines), in urine from pregnant women in nine diverse ECHO cohorts during 2008-2020 (N = 171). To assess relations with participant and urine sample collection characteristics, we used generalized estimating equations to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for analytes dichotomized at the detection limit, % differences (%Δ) for continuous analytes, and 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, marital status, urinary cotinine, and year of sample collection.
resultsTwelve chemicals were detected in >60% of samples, with near ubiquitous detection of cyanuric acid, melamine, aniline, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, and a composite of o-toluidine and m-toluidine (99-100%). In multivariable adjusted models, most chemicals were associated with higher exposures among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants. For example, concentrations of 3,4-dichloroaniline were higher among Hispanic (%Δ: +149, 95% CI: +17, +431) and non-Hispanic Black (%Δ: +136, 95% CI: +35, +311) women compared with non-Hispanic White women. We observed similar results for ammelide, o-/m-toluidine, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, and 4-chloroaniline. Most chemicals were positively associated with urinary cotinine, with strongest associations observed for o-/m-toluidine (%Δ: +23; 95% CI: +16, +31) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (%Δ: +25; 95% CI: +17, +33). Some chemicals exhibited annual trends (e.g., %Δ in melamine per year: -11; 95% CI: -19, -1) or time of day, seasonal, and geographic variability. DISCUSSION: Exposure to melamine, cyanuric acid, and some aromatic amines was ubiquitous in this first investigation of these analytes in pregnant women. Future research should expand biomonitoring, identify sources of exposure disparities by race/ethnicity, and evaluate potential adverse health effects.
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