ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2022
Increasing Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in the United States.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune conditions and gastric cancer risk in a population-based study in the United Kingdom.British journal of cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Trends, disparities and projections of pericardial diseases related mortality in the United States: A 1999-2035 analysis using artificial deep neural network.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Glucose Dysregulation as a Driver of Autoimmune Mimicry, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Narrative Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Clinical Conditions Associated With a High Antinuclear Antibody Titer in Individuals Without Autoimmune Disease.Arthritis care & research · 2026Article
- Adjusting Autonomic Physiology with Diet and Minerals to Improve Health.Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) · 2026Review
- The Relationship between Climate Change and Rheumatic Disease: A Review.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Review
- Fine particulate matter air pollution and anti-nuclear antibodies.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with or without anti-connective tissue antibodies: an 18-month cohort follow-up.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Distinct IgM and IgG autoantibody profiles characterize incomplete and classified systemic autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Editorial: Risk and protective factors in the natural history of autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nipocalimab, an immunoselective FcRn blocker that lowers IgG and has unique molecular properties.mAbs · 2025Article
- Research progress on chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapy against autoimmune diseases.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Direction of global health status: a narrative review and recommendation for incorporating integrative medicine for improvement.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Review
- Live fast, die young: neutrophils streamline their metabolism to maximize inflammation.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Sex differences in the chronic autoimmune response to myocardial infarction.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Article
- Correlation study between clinical phenotypes and autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis in Southwest China.Medicine · 2025Observational
- Environmental Risk Factors for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Through the Lens of Social Determinants of Health.Arthritis care & research · 2025Review
- The role of autoantibodies in post-chikungunya viral arthritis disease severity.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a remarkable 2.5-fold rise compared to healthy controls.Irish journal of medical science · 2025Article
- RNA sensing at the crossroads of autoimmunity and autoinflammation.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2022-08-26Cites Retracted Work · Concerns/Issues about Data · Date of Article and/or Notice Unknown · Retract and Replace · Unreliable Data · · Retraction notice overwrites original abstract; see also replacement publication at https://acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.42330; retraction date inferred from notices on the original and replacement publications.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGrowing evidence suggests increasing frequencies of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases, but findings are limited by the lack of systematic data and evolving approaches and definitions. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), the most common biomarker of autoimmunity, changed over a recent 25-year span in the US.
methodsSerum ANA were measured by standard indirect immunofluorescence assays on HEp-2 cells in 13,519 participants age ≥12 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with approximately one-third from each of 3 time periods: 1988-1991, 1999-2004, and 2011-2012. We used logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and survey design variables to estimate changes in ANA prevalence across the time periods.
resultsThe prevalence of ANA was 11.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.7-12.6%) in 1988-1991, 11.4% (95% CI 10.2-12.8%) in 1999-2004, and 16.1% (95% CI 14.4-18.0%) in 2011-2012 (P for trend <0.0001), corresponding to ~22.3 million, ~26.6 million, and ~41.5 million affected individuals, respectively. Among adolescents age 12-19 years, ANA prevalence increased substantially, with odds ratios of 2.07 (95% CI 1.18-3.64) and 2.77 (95% CI 1.56-4.91) in the second and third time periods relative to the first (P for trend = 0.0004). ANA prevalence increased in both sexes (especially in men), older adults (age ≥50 years), and non-Hispanic white individuals. These increases in ANA prevalence were not explained by concurrent trends in weight (obesity/overweight), smoking exposure, or alcohol consumption.
conclusionThe prevalence of ANA in the US has increased considerably in recent years. Additional studies to determine factors underlying these increases in ANA prevalence could elucidate causes of autoimmunity and enable the development of preventative measures.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.