ArticleBMJ paediatrics open2022
Enhancing Nutrition and Antenatal Infection Treatment (ENAT) study: protocol of a pragmatic clinical effectiveness study to improve birth outcomes in Ethiopia.
Article in BMJ paediatrics open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selection and reporting of usual care comparators when designing primary care trials of complex health interventions: a systematic review.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Pooled it
- Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of a Prenatal Nutrition Package with Balanced Energy Supplementation on Gestational Weight Gain in Amhara, Ethiopia.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Effect of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplements and medium-quantity lipid-based nutritional supplements on maternal weight gain and infant birth weight in rural Niger: a cluster-randomised trial.BMJ global health · 2025Trial
- The impact of enhancing nutrition and antenatal infection treatment on birth outcomes in Amhara, Ethiopia: a pragmatic factorial, cluster-randomised clinical effectiveness study.BMJ global health · 2025Trial
- A single presumptive deworming may not suffice to reduce the burden of intestinal parasitic infections during pregnancy in rural Amhara, Ethiopia.BMC research notes · 2025Trial
- Effect of Enhanced Nutrition and Infection Management Intervention Packages on Antenatal Quality of Care Indicators in Rural Amhara, Ethiopia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Introducing a group antenatal care model at the health post level in Ethiopia: a qualitative pilot study.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2026Article
- Prevalence, bacterial etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in rural West Amhara, Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Feasibility and acceptability of magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography for child neurodevelopmental research in rural Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Impact of maternal antenatal nutrition and infection treatment interventions on Longitudinal Infant Development and Growth in rural Ethiopia: protocol of the LIDG child follow-up study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- Integrated multisectoral interventions to mitigate the risk of low birth weight in low- and middle-income country settings: Implementation considerations for programs from a WHO expert consultation.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Balanced Energy Protein Supplementation in Pregnancy: Adherence and Acceptability among Pregnant Women in Rural Ethiopia.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Exploring functional metabolites and proteomics biomarkers in late-preterm and natural-born pigs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Dietary Perspectives and Practices during Pregnancy in Rural Amhara Region of Ethiopia: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Article
- Nutritious Supplemental Foods for Pregnant Women from Food Insecure Settings: Types, Nutritional Composition, and Relationships to Health Outcomes.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Review
- Harmonization of maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation studies for individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses - finding and creating similarities in variables and data collection.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
29 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe WHO Nutrition Target aims to reduce the global prevalence of low birth weight by 30% by the year 2025. The Enhancing Nutrition and Antenatal Infection Treatment (ENAT) study will test the impact of packages of pregnancy interventions to enhance maternal nutrition and infection management on birth outcomes in rural Ethiopia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: ENAT is a pragmatic, open-label, 2×2 factorial, randomised clinical effectiveness study implemented in 12 rural health centres in Amhara, Ethiopia. Eligible pregnant women presenting at antenatal care (ANC) visits at <24 weeks gestation are enrolled (n=2400). ANC quality is strengthened across all centres. Health centres are randomised to receive an enhanced nutrition package (ENP) or standard nutrition care, and within each health centre, individual women are randomised to receive an enhanced infection management package (EIMP) or standard infection care. At ENP centres, women receive a regular supply of adequately iodised salt and iron-folate (IFA), enhanced nutrition counselling and those with mid-upper arm circumference of <23 cm receive a micronutrient fortified balanced energy protein supplement (corn soya blend) until delivery. In standard nutrition centres, women receive routine counselling and IFA. EIMP women have additional screening/treatment for urinary and sexual/reproductive tract infections and intensive deworming. Non-EIMP women are managed syndromically per Ministry of Health Guidelines. Participants are followed until 1-month post partum, and a subset until 6 months. The primary study outcomes are newborn weight and length measured at <72 hours of age. Secondary outcomes include preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirth rates; newborn head circumference; infant weight and length for age z-scores at birth; maternal anaemia; and weight gain during pregnancy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: ENAT is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (001-A1-2019) and Mass General Brigham (2018P002479). Results will be disseminated to local and international stakeholders. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN15116516.
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Registered trials
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