ArticleMolecular nutrition & food research2022
Ultra-High Temperature Treatment and Storage of Infant Formula Induces Dietary Protein Modifications, Gut Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs.
Article in Molecular nutrition & food research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent trends in encapsulated bioactives for improving the delivery of infant milk fortifiers.Food science of animal resources · 2026Review
- Improving the compatibility of INFOGEST digesta with intestinal epithelial models through post-digestion storage conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The fifty billion dollar question: does formula cause necrotizing enterocolitis?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Review
- Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Hydrolyzed protein formula improves the nutritional tolerance by increasing intestinal development and altering cecal microbiota in low-birth-weight piglets.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- A cross-sectional study on stool- and gastrointestinal-related outcomes of Mexican infants consuming different formulae.BMC pediatrics · 2023Observational
- Ultra-High Temperature Treatment and Storage of Infant Formula Induces Dietary Protein Modifications, Gut Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
scopeReady-to-feed liquid infant formula is increasingly used for preterm infants when human milk is unavailable. These formulas are sterilized by ultra-high temperature treatment, but heating and storage may reduce bioactivity and increase formation of Maillard reaction products with potential negative consequences for immature newborns. METHODS AND
resultsUsing preterm pigs as a model for sensitive newborn infants, the study tests the intestinal responses of feeding experimental liquid formula within 5 days. A pasteurized formula (PAST) with the same nutrient composition but less protein modifications serves as control to ultra-high temperature-treated formula without (UHT) and with prolonged storage (SUHT). Relative to PAST, UHT contains lower levels of lactoferrin and IgG. Additional storage (40 °C, 60 days, SUHT) reduces antimicrobial capacity and increases non-reducible protein aggregates and Maillard reaction products (up to 13-fold). Pigs fed SUHT have more diarrhea and show signs of intestinal inflammation (necrotizing enterocolitis) compared with pigs fed PAST and UHT. These clinical effects are accompanied by accumulation of Maillard reaction products, protein cross-links, and inflammatory responses in the gut.
conclusionThe results demonstrate that feeding UHT infant formulas, particularly after prolonged storage, adversely affects gut maturation and function in preterm pigs used as a model of preterm infants.
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Registered trials
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