ArticleNature communications2022
A gene cluster in Ginkgo biloba encodes unique multifunctional cytochrome P450s that initiate ginkgolide biosynthesis.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects and safety of Ginkgo biloba on blood metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Construction of a globally modular recombinantSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- Archipelago architecture and evolution of paclitaxel biosynthesis revealed by the Pseudotaxus chienii haplotype-resolved genome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Review of Plant-Derived Diterpenoid Biosynthesis: From Structural Scaffold Diversity and Lineage-Associated Distribution to Enzyme Mining and Discovery Strategies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bioactive Constituents, Mechanisms, and Complementary Therapeutic Applications of Food-Medicine Continuum Materia Medica for Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Enhancement of levopimaradiene production inChinese herbal medicines · 2026Article
- Functional identification of two cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in diterpenoid oxidation inFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Ginkgolide C Improves Cardiac Function and Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating PI3K/Akt Pathway.Physiological research · 2025Article
- Cytochrome P450-Induced Backbone Rearrangements in Terpene Biosynthesis of Plants.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A high-quality genome assembly of the tetraploid Teucrium chamaedrys unveils a recent whole-genome duplication and a large biosynthetic gene cluster for diterpenoid metabolism.Plant communications · 2025Article
- Divergent multifunctional P450s-empowered biosynthesis of bioactive tripterifordin and cryptic atiserenoids in Aconitum implies convergent evolution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Heterologous Production of the Structurally Complex Diterpenoid Forskolin inBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Synthetic Biology in Natural Product Biosynthesis.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Identification of a central regulator of ginkgolide biosynthesis inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Plant sesquiterpene lactones.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Total biosynthesis of the medicinal triterpenoid saponin astragalosides.Nature plants · 2024Article
- The transcription factor MYC2 positively regulates terpene trilactone biosynthesis through activatingHorticulture research · 2024Article
- Synthetic Biology of Natural Products Engineering: Recent Advances Across the Discover-Design-Build-Test-Learn Cycle.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Review
- Production of Terpene Trilactones from Cell and Organ Cultures ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) is considered a living fossil due to its 200 million year's history under morphological stasis. Its resilience is partly attributed to its unique set of specialized metabolites, in particular, ginkgolides and bilobalide, which are chemically complex terpene trilactones. Here, we use a gene cluster-guided mining approach in combination with co-expression analysis to reveal the primary steps in ginkgolide biosynthesis. We show that five multifunctional cytochrome P450s with atypical catalytic activities generate the tert-butyl group and one of the lactone rings, characteristic of all G. biloba trilactone terpenoids. The reactions include scarless C-C bond cleavage as well as carbon skeleton rearrangement (NIH shift) occurring on a previously unsuspected intermediate. The cytochrome P450s belong to CYP families that diversifies in pre-seed plants and gymnosperms, but are not preserved in angiosperms. Our work uncovers the early ginkgolide pathway and offers a glance into the biosynthesis of terpenoids of the Mesozoic Era.
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