ArticleEnvironmental research2022
Association between fish oil supplements use and serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Article in Environmental research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Forever Chemicals, Finite Defenses: PFAS Burden the Liver, Break Mitochondria, and Outpace Modern Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Interplay of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mediterranean Diet in Association With the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Hunting Metabolic Biomarkers for Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Review.Metabolites · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread pollutants and classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although consumption of fish, seafood, and their byproducts is a known source of dietary PFAS exposure, little is known about the association between use of fish oil supplements and PFAS. Here, we examine associations between fish oil supplement use and serum PFAS concentrations.
methodsThis analysis includes adults, ages 25 years of age and older, surveyed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey (NHANES). Outcomes include five serum PFAS compounds: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulphonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). To determine the association between fish oil use and log-transformed PFAS concentrations, survey-weighted linear regression was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted ratios between supplement-users' and non-users' geometric mean serum PFAS concentrations.
resultsNo association was observed between fish oil use and PFAS. While results did not vary substantially by age, gender, study cycle, there was some indication of a potential inverse association in subgroups of interest. Specifically, an inverse association was observed between fish oil supplement use and PFOS levels in older adults, females, and in early calendar years; an inverse association was also observed between fish oil and PFNA in females and early calendar years.
conclusionsWhile fish oil users did not experience increased serum PFAS, there was an unexpected inverse association in some population subgroups. Further research will be needed to better understand whether this pattern reflects true differences, chance, or bias.
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Registered trials
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