The Use of Renal Biomarkers in Pediatric Cardiac Patients With Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition that occurs in approximately 30% to 50% of pediatric patients that undergo cardiac surgery. Currently used parameters to measure kidney function (serum creatinine and urine output) are often unreliable and delay the prediction of AKI, despite their adoption into clinical guidelines. Emerging evidence suggests that biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule 1, and liver-type fatty acid- binding protein may be useful in the identification and location of pediatric renal injury. Ontogeny-related changes in tubular function and nephrogenesis result in reference values that differ based on age and sex. In addition, changes in endogenous concentrations may result from factors such as cardiopulmonary bypass. The use of urine samples to measure renal biomarkers offers a significant advantage compared with routine blood sampling, especially in the neonatal patient population. Future research is warranted to determine age-dependent changes in AKI biomarkers and the relationship with pharmacokinetic clearance of commonly used medications in the postoperative cardiac patient.