ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2022
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing and Case Rates Among Women Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans' Health Literature, 2016 to 2023: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Real World Patterns of Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in the US Reveal Substantial Under Testing and Wide Geographic and Inter-Provider Variation.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Reproductive Health Care and Outcomes Among Female Veterans: A Scoping Review.Health equity · 2025Review
- Outpatient sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment patterns in the United States: a real-world database study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnited States (US) rates of sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women, especially gonorrhea and chlamydia, have increased over the past decade. Women Veterans may be at increased risk for STIs due to high rates of sexual trauma. Despite the availability of effective diagnostic tests and evidence-based guidelines for annual screening among sexually active women under age 25, screening rates for gonorrhea and chlamydia remain low in the US and among Veterans.
objectiveTo examine patient characteristics and health system factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and case rates among women Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in 2019.
designWe performed a retrospective cohort study of all women Veterans in VHA care between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019.
participantsWomen Veteran patients were identified as receiving VHA care if they had at least one inpatient admission or outpatient visit in 2019 or the preceding calendar year. KEY
resultsAmong women under age 25, 21.3% were tested for gonorrhea or chlamydia in 2019. After adjusting for demographic and other health factors, correlates of testing in women under age 25 included Black race (aOR: 2.11, CI: 1.89, 2.36), rural residence (aOR: 0.84, CI: 0.74, 0.95), and cervical cancer screening (aOR: 5.05, CI: 4.59, 5.56). Women under age 25 had the highest infection rates, with an incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea of 1,950 and 267 cases/100,000, respectively. Incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia was higher for women with a history of military sexual trauma (MST) (chlamydia case rate: 265, gonorrhea case rate: 97/100,000) and those with mental health diagnoses (chlamydia case rate: 263, gonorrhea case rate: 72/100,000.)
conclusionsGonorrhea and chlamydia testing remains underutilized among women in VHA care, and infection rates are high among younger women. Patient-centered, system-level interventions are urgently needed to address low testing rates.
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