ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2022
Patterns of tobacco use in low and middle income countries by tobacco product and sociodemographic characteristics: nationally representative survey data from 82 countries.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking cessation interventions in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- RuralEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Pooled it
- Factors Influencing the Use of Tobacco Among Youth in Low-Income, Lower-Middle-Income, and Upper-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Tobacco Smoking and Cardiovascular Health in Africa: Trends, Interventions, and Policy Implications-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Associations of smoking and second-hand smoke exposure with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea risk in Tuvalu.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Multidisciplinary Team Care for Early-Stage Lung Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Emerging Economies: Current Position and Call for Action.Thoracic cancer · 2026Review
- Impact of district-level comprehensive tobacco control on smoking among adolescent boys in Indonesia: a synthetic control study (2013-2023).The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Identifying smoker subgroups with low readiness to quit: a cluster analysis of perceived lung cancer and asthma risk profiles.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and predictors of self-reported multimorbidity and locomotor disability among the geriatric population in coastal South Karnataka, India.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use among adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Incretin-Based Therapies: A Novel Pathway in Addiction Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pulmonary Function Testing Using Tidal Breath Flow-Volume Loops in Healthy Children 1-24 Months of Age in Semi-Rural Nepal: Feasibility Study.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Article
- GLP-1 agonists for smoking cessation and post-cessation weight management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Review
- Article
- Documented Tobacco Cessation Care and Patient Outcomes in Malawi: Analysis of Post-Training Clinical Records.Advances in medical education and practice · 2026Article
- Prevalence of smoking and factors associated with smoking cessation among diabetic patients in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Religiosity, school connectedness, and tobacco use susceptibility: a longitudinal study of adolescents in Mumbai and Kolkata, India.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The economic burden of lung cancer in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 15 institutions in 12 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the prevalence and frequency of using any tobacco product and each of a detailed set of tobacco products, how tobacco use and frequency of use vary across countries, world regions, and World Bank country income groups, and the socioeconomic and demographic gradients of tobacco use and frequency of use within countries.
designSecondary analysis of nationally representative, cross-sectional, household survey data from 82 low and middle income countries collected between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020.
settingPopulation based survey data.
participants1 231 068 individuals aged 15 years and older.
main outcome measuresSelf-reported current smoking, current daily smoking, current smokeless tobacco use, current daily smokeless tobacco use, pack years, and current use and use frequencies of each tobacco product. Products were any type of cigarette, manufactured cigarette, hand rolled cigarette, water pipe, cigar, oral snuff, nasal snuff, chewing tobacco, and betel nut (with and without tobacco).
resultsThe smoking prevalence in the study sample was 16.5% (95% confidence interval 16.1% to 16.9%) and ranged from 1.1% (0.9% to 1.3%) in Ghana to 50.6% (45.2% to 56.1%) in Kiribati. The user prevalence of smokeless tobacco was 7.7% (7.5% to 8.0%) and prevalence was highest in Papua New Guinea (daily user prevalence of 65.4% (63.3% to 67.5%)). Although variation was wide between countries and by tobacco product, for many low and middle income countries, the highest prevalence and cigarette smoking frequency was reported in men, those with lower education, less household wealth, living in rural areas, and higher age.
conclusionsBoth smoked and smokeless tobacco use and frequency of use vary widely across tobacco products in low and middle income countries. This study can inform the design and targeting of efforts to reduce tobacco use in low and middle income countries and serve as a benchmark for monitoring progress towards national and international goals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.