SynthesisParasitology research2022
Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Parasitology research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Promising Drug Repurposing Candidates Targeting Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic and Critical Review of Laboratory-Based Evidence.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of Free-Living Amoebae in Various Water Sources in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta parasitologica · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in sewage and sewage-related environments-systematic review with meta-analysis.Parasitology research · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Molecular identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in environmental samples from urban areas of Kerman, Southeastern Iran.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026Article
- Free-Living Amoebae Infections: Case Reports Identified at a Reference Parasitology Laboratory in Argentina.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
- Deadly Waters as Naegleria fowleri Emerges in Brazil - A Call for a One Health Approach to Address Climate Change-Fostered Increasing Threat.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Diversity of Free-Living Amoebae in New Zealand Groundwater and Their Ability to Feed onPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- First Report ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Agar dehydration: a simple method for long-term storage of Acanthamoeba spp. collection at room temperature.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Emerging patents versus brain eating amoebae,Pharmaceutical patent analyst · 2024Review
- Editorial: New advances in the biology and pathogenesis of free-living amoebae.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Metabarcoding of protozoa and helminth in black-necked cranes: a high prevalence of parasites and free-living amoebae.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2024Article
- Influence of salt and temperature in the growth of pathogenic free-living amoebae.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Transcriptomic profiling of "brain-eating amoeba"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of free-living amoebae infections in Africa: a review.Pathogens and global health · 2023Review
- A challenge in washing water with the sun: 24h of SODIS fails to inactivate Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa under strong real sun conditions.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2023Article
- Exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorine enhances the cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba castellanii.Parasitology research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are cosmopolitan microorganisms known to be pathogenic to humans who often have a history of contact with contaminated water. Swimming pools and recreational waters are among the environments where the greatest human exposure to FLA occurs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters, through a systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies published between 1977 and 2022. A total of 106 studies were included and an overall prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters of 44.34% (95% CI = 38.57-50.18) was found. Considering the studies published up to 2010 (1977-2010), between 2010 and 2015, and those published after 2010 (> 2010-2022), the prevalence was 53.09% (95% CI = 43.33-62.73) and 37.07% (95% CI = 28.87-45.66) and 45.40% (95% CI = 35.48-55.51), respectively. The highest prevalence was found in the American continent (63.99%), in Mexico (98.35%), and in indoor hot swimming pools (52.27%). The prevalence varied with the variation of FLA detection methods, morphology (57.21%), PCR (25.78%), and simultaneously morphology and PCR (43.16%). The global prevalence by genera was Vahlkampfia spp. (54.20%), Acanthamoeba spp. (33.47%), Naegleria spp. (30.95%), Hartmannella spp./Vermamoeba spp. (20.73%), Stenamoeba spp. (12.05%), and Vannella spp. (10.75%). There is considerable risk of FLA infection in swimming pools and recreational waters. Recreational water safety needs to be routinely monitored and, in case of risk, locations need to be identified with warning signs and users need to be educated. Swimming pools and artificial recreational water should be properly disinfected. Photolysis of NaOCl or NaCl in water by UV-C radiation is a promising alternative to disinfect swimming pools and artificial recreational waters.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.