Observational studyBMC ophthalmology2022
Comparison of hyperreflective foci in macular edema secondary to multiple etiologies with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: An observational study.
Observational study in BMC ophthalmology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic cytokine profiles across the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic retinopathy development.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- IL-1-mediated vitreous inflammation as an early indicator of retinal ganglion cell loss following acute optic nerve injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Comparative profiling of neurological and biomarker status in type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional observational study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Vitreous Inflammation as an Early Indicator of Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Following Acute Optic Nerve Injury in Mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Twelve-Month Outcomes and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Biomarkers After Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implantation in Pseudophakic Eyes with Post-Vitrectomy Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)-Refractory to Medical Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Retinal Hyperreflective Foci Are Biomarkers of Ocular Disease: A Scoping Review With Evidence From Humans and Insights From Animal Models.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Predictive value of hyperreflective foci for anti-VEGF therapeutic outcomes in different subtypes of diabetic macular edema: a retrospective analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Exploration on OCT biomarker candidate related to macular edema caused by diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion in SD-OCT images.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Intraretinal Hyper-Reflective Foci Are Almost Universally Present and Co-Localize With Intraretinal Fluid in Diabetic Macular Edema.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Quantification of Hyperreflective Foci in Age-related Macular Degeneration by Polarization-Sensitive OCT.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
- Effect of Faricimab versus Aflibercept on Hyperreflective Foci in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema from the YOSEMITE/RHINE Trials.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHyperreflective foci (HRF) features in macular edema associated with different etiologies may indicate the disease pathogenesis and help to choose proper treatment. The goal of this study is to investigate the retinal microstructural features of macular edema (ME) secondary to multiple etiologies with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and analyze the origin of HRF in ME.
methodsThis was a retrospective study. SD-OCT images were reviewed to investigate macular microstructural features such as the number and distribution of HRF and hard exudates and the internal reflectivity of the cysts. The differences in microstructural features between groups and the correlations between the number of HRF and other parameters were analyzed.
resultsA total of 101 eyes with ME from 86 diabetic (diabetic macular edema, DME) patients, 51 eyes from 51 patients with ME secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (branch retinal vein occlusion-macular edema, BRVO-ME), 59 eyes from 58 central retinal vein occlusion (central retinal vein occlusion-macular edema, CRVO-ME) patients, and 26 eyes from 22 uveitis (uveitic macular edema, UME) patients were included in this study. The number of HRF, the frequency of hard exudates and the enhanced internal reflectivity of the cysts were significantly different among the groups. The number of HRF in the DME group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (all P < 0.05). The frequency of hard exudates and enhanced internal reflectivity of the cysts in the DME group were significantly higher than ME secondary to other etiologies (all P < 0.001). Within the DME group, the number of HRF in the patients with hard exudates was significantly higher than that in the patients without hard exudates (P < 0.001).
conclusionHRF detected with SD-OCT were more frequent in DME patients than in BRVO-ME, CRVO-ME, or UME patients. The occurrence of HRF was correlated with the frequency of hard exudates. HRF may result from the deposition of macromolecular exudates in the retina, which is speculated to be a precursor of hard exudates.
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