ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2022
Updated Results of the COVID-19 in MS Global Data Sharing Initiative: Anti-CD20 and Other Risk Factors Associated With COVID-19 Severity.
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In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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30citing papers in PubMed
7.1field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune diseases in the era of COVID-19: emerging mechanisms, clinical implications, vaccine considerations, and future directions.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- COVID-19 and Radiological Progression of Multiple Sclerosis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A real-world study of ublituximab based on the WHO-VigiAccess and U.S. food and drug administration's adverse event reporting system databases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Long COVID in People With Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Selective S1P Receptor Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Alters CXCL13:CXCR5-Associated Immune Activities Without Impacting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunity.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
- Genetic Variations in Bitter Taste Receptors and COVID-19 in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Comparative Effect of Standard Versus Extended Interval Dosing of Rituximab or Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Post-acute sequela of COVID-19 infection in individuals with multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Article
- Effects of COVID-19 Infection on Symptom Severity and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Article
- Challenges in Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia under Ocrelizumab and De-Risking Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis-The Elephant Is (Still) in the Room.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis: challenges and lessons for patient care.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Accessible Ecosystem for Clinical Research (Federated Learning for Everyone): Development and Usability Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Early use of high-efficacy therapies in multiple sclerosis in the United States: benefits, barriers, and strategies for encouraging adoption.Journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Vaccination status and self-reported side effects after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in relation to psychological and clinical variables in patients with multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prolonged viral pneumonia and high mortality in COVID-19 patients on anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
- Era of COVID-19 in Multiple Sclerosis Care.Neurologic clinics · 2024Review
- The arisal of data spaces: why I am excited and worried.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19: An Overview on Risk, Severity, and Association With Disease Modifying Therapies.Neuroscience insights · 2024Review
- The Journey of Data Within a Global Data Sharing Initiative: A Federated 3-Layer Data Analysis Pipeline to Scale Up Multiple Sclerosis Research.JMIR medical informatics · 2023Article
- Expert Narrative Review of the Safety of Cladribine Tablets for the Management of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology and therapy · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
45 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Steve Simpson-YapFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy. liesbet.peeters@uhasselt.be.
Ashkan PirmaniFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Tomas KalincikFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Edward De BrouwerFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Lotte GeysFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Tina ParciakFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Anne HelmeFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Nick RijkeFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Jan A HillertFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Yves MoreauFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Gilles EdanFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Sifat SharminFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Tim SpelmanFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Robert McBurneyFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Hollie SchmidtFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Arnfin B BergmannFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Stefan BrauneFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Alexander StahmannFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Rod M MiddletonFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Amber SalterFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Bruce BeboFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Anneke Van der WaltFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Helmut ButzkuevenFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Serkan OzakbasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Cavit BozFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Rana KarabudakFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Raed AlroughaniFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Juan I RojasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Ingrid A van der MeiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Guilherme Sciascia do OlivalFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Melinda MagyariFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Ricardo N AlonsoFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Richard S NicholasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Anibal S ChertcoffFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Ana Zabalza de TorresFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Georgina ArrambideFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Nupur NagFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Annabel DescampsFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Lars CostersFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Ruth DobsonFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Aleisha MillerFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Paulo RodriguesFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Vesna PrčkovskaFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Giancarlo ComiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Liesbet M PeetersFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
Mental Health Research Institute · AU
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesCertain demographic and clinical characteristics, including the use of some disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection severity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Comprehensive exploration of these relationships in large international samples is needed.
methodsClinician-reported demographic/clinical data from 27 countries were aggregated into a data set of 5,648 patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 severity outcomes (hospitalization, admission to intensive care unit [ICU], requiring artificial ventilation, and death) were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects ordered probit and logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, disability, and MS phenotype. DMTs were individually compared with glatiramer acetate, and anti-CD20 DMTs with pooled other DMTs and with natalizumab.
resultsOf 5,648 patients, 922 (16.6%) with suspected and 4,646 (83.4%) with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Male sex, older age, progressive MS, and higher disability were associated with more severe COVID-19. Compared with glatiramer acetate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with higher probabilities of hospitalization (4% [95% CI 1-7] and 7% [95% CI 4-11]), ICU/artificial ventilation (2% [95% CI 0-4] and 4% [95% CI 2-6]), and death (1% [95% CI 0-2] and 2% [95% CI 1-4]) (predicted marginal effects). Untreated patients had 5% (95% CI 2-8), 3% (95% CI 1-5), and 1% (95% CI 0-3) higher probabilities of the 3 respective levels of COVID-19 severity than glatiramer acetate. Compared with pooled other DMTs and with natalizumab, the associations of ocrelizumab and rituximab with COVID-19 severity were also more pronounced. All associations persisted/enhanced on restriction to confirmed COVID-19. DISCUSSION: Analyzing the largest international real-world data set of people with MS with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 confirms that the use of anti-CD20 medication (both ocrelizumab and rituximab), as well as male sex, older age, progressive MS, and higher disability are associated with more severe course of COVID-19.
Indexed as
COVID-19Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis, Chronic ProgressiveAntigens, CD20Glatiramer AcetateHumansImmunosuppressive AgentsInformation DisseminationMaleNatalizumabRisk FactorsRituximabAntigens, CD20Glatiramer AcetateImmunosuppressive AgentsNatalizumabRituximab
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