ArticleFrontiers in physiology2022
The principle of the 3Rs between aspiration and reality.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synthetic Ligands of Myeloid C-Type Lectin Receptors.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Review
- Effect of Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Hyaluronic Acid Gel Combination Therapy on Neutrophil Response, Neovascularization, and Reepithelialization in the Wound-Healing Process Following Tooth Extraction: An In Vivo Study.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Analytical Quality-by-Design-Based Development of an ELISA forJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Experimental Burn Induction in Laboratory Animals: A Scoping Review of Methods, Reproducibility, Operator-Dependent Variability, and Relevance to Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Repair.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Wound-Healing Efficacy ofFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Twenty years of health monitoring in a conventional neuroscience animal facility: challenges, strategies, and 3Rs-oriented approaches to animal welfare, personnel health, and research integrity.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Cyclodextrin-mediated Enhancement of Haloperidol Solubility: Physicochemical Studies and In Vivo Investigation Using Planaria Worms.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- Large animal models in gynecology: status and future perspectives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic signature, bioactivity and safety of a non-hepatotoxic analgesic generating AM404 in the midbrain PAG region.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Refinement of Animal Experiments: Replacing Traumatic Methods of Laboratory Animal Marking with Non-Invasive Alternatives.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Tissue Bioengineering with Fibrin Scaffolds and Deproteinized Bone Matrix Associated or Not with the Transoperative Laser Photobiomodulation Protocol.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A non-toxic analgesic elicits cell-specific genomic and epigenomic modulation by targeting the PAG brain region.Neurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The Principle of the 3Rs is widely recognised as the methodological and ethical backbone of contemporary animal research. Different authors also stress the reciprocal links among the 3Rs, and how these often complement and reinforce each other. We very much agree with this point, but in this contribution we would like to raise some problems related to the application of the "3Rs". There is an obvious link among "Replacement, "Reduction" and "Refinement", but it is worth to notice also that each "R" has its own conceptual characteristics, as well as its own level of applicability. For example, a realistic "methodological inertia" has to be expected more in the case of "Replacement" than in the case of "Refinement". This also leads to a second order of issues, and here we will offer our experience as projects evaluators. The "3Rs" differ also in the possibility to verify how are applied by the proponents of research protocols involving the use of animal models. Sometimes it appears that the application of the Principle still resolves itself in the use of formulaic sentences, from which it is difficult to really understand the reality of the laboratory decisional and procedural processes. However, the demanding characteristics of the "3Rs" can vary greatly, and this is something that has to be considered. We propose that a network, or a virtual platform, of evaluators could help both researchers and evaluators for a more satisfactory understanding and pragmatic application of the Principle of the 3Rs.
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