ArticleCureus2022
The Association Between Refractive Errors and Breastfeeding in Pakistani Children: A Case-Control Study.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of excessive screen time exposure with ocular changes leading to astigmatism in children.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Early-Life Factors and Self-Reported Age at Myopia Onset: A Study Based on a Sample of Chinese Adults.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the association between breastfeeding and the occurrence of refractive errors (REs) among children. Methodology This was a (retrospective) case-control study carried out between December 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022, at the Basheeran Umar Eye Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, and Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nayhan Combined Military Hospital in Rawalakot in Kashmir, Pakistan. A total of 200 participants between the ages of five and 16 years (106 cases with REs and 94 controls without REs) were included in this study. After obtaining informed consent from the parent accompanying the participant, the parent was further interviewed to extract information regarding biodata, breastfeeding, and other parameters including parental myopia, the number of hours spent on outdoor activities, on gadgets, and doing near work; this data was entered into a questionnaire. The participant's visual acuity was then checked using the Snellen chart. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and statistical tests such as multivariate regression analysis and chi-square were carried out and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results There were 74 (37%) females and 126 (63%) males, with 67.5% residing in urban localities and only 32.5% hailing from rural areas. Testing revealed no significant association between REs and area of residence (p=0.97) or the gender of the participant (p=0.74). Hypermetropia was the most common RE among our participants (59.4%). Breastfeeding was significantly associated with errors of refraction (OR: 27.852, 95% CI: 3.686-210.45, χ
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