ArticleThe Science of the total environment2022
Early life organophosphate ester exposures and bone health at age 12 years: The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal serum polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations during pregnancy and adolescent bone mineral density at age 12 years.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- From repellent to risk: DEET's adverse effects on hormones and bone health in kids.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Associations of endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers and their mixture with vitamin D biomarker concentrations in childhood: The HOME Study.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Associations of urinary organophosphate ester metabolites with bone mineral density in U.S. children and adolescents aged 8-19 years: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2011-2018.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health.Environmental research · 2024Review
- Associations of metal mixtures with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: NHANES 2003-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNo human studies have evaluated early life organophosphate ester (OPE) exposures with bone health outcomes, despite evidence of osteotoxicity.
objectivesWe assessed associations of urinary OPE metabolites measured across early life with areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at age 12 years.
methodsAmong 223 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, we quantified concentrations of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), bis-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) (BDCIPP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DnBP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in urine collected from mothers during pregnancy and children at ages 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 years. At age 12 years, we performed dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and calculated aBMD and BMC z-scores at six skeletal sites. We estimated overall and sex-stratified BMD/BMC z-score differences per interquartile range (IQR) increase in OPE concentrations at multiple exposure timepoints: gestation (average) and 1-3 (average), 5, and 8 years.
resultsIn adjusted models, overall associations of BCEP and BDCIPP with total hip and 1/3rd distal radius aBMD and BMC varied significantly by exposure timepoint, as did BDCIPP with whole body aBMD. For example, differences (95 % CI) in total hip aBMD z-score per IQR increase in BDCIPP were 0.33 (0.01, 0.64), -0.10 (-0.34, 0.14), -0.18 (-0.40, 0.05), and 0.14 (-0.09, 0.38) for concentrations during gestation and at 1-3, 5, and 8 years, respectively. Overall DnBP and DPHP associations were generally null at all timepoints. We observed sex-specific associations for some timepoints and skeletal sites. For example, an IQR increase in 8-year DPHP was associated with a 0.21 (0.05, 0.38) greater total hip aBMD z-score among females but -0.19 (-0.43, 0.05) lower z-score among males. DISCUSSION: Early life OPE exposures may be associated with sex- and exposure period-dependent alterations in early adolescent bone mineral accrual and strength.
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