ArticlePreventive medicine2022
Historical redlining and the epidemiology of present-day firearm violence in the United States: A multi-city analysis.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- A Multidimensional Approach to Measure Structural Racism and Its Association with Fatal and Nonfatal Community Firearm Violence at the Census Tract Level in New York City.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Racism and racial disparities in firearm violence: A scoping review.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Disrupting Racial Dehumanization As a Root Cause of Youth Violence Through Community Engaged Visual Storytelling and Narrative Change.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Disparities in Pediatric Firearm Injury Care: A Comparison of Chronic Illness Pathways.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Mediating Pathways Between Neighborhood Structural Investment and Cardiometabolic Health Across U.S. Cities.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- A preconception cohort study of historical mortgage lending discrimination and present-day fecundability.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Examining disparities in harmful reporting on community firearm violence in Philadelphia television news reports.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Public funds, public safety: a scoping review of government spending decisions and their impact on interpersonal violence and suicide.Injury epidemiology · 2025Review
- The Impact of Historical and Modern-Day Redlining on Firearm Violence: A Decade-Long Multilevel Study of 38 States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Predicting neighborhood-level violence from features of the physical and social environment with machine learning.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Living in historically redlined neighborhoods and biological aging among older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Community-engaged crime prevention through environmental design and reductions in violent and firearm crime.American journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of fatal and nonfatal community firearm violence in New York City, 2019-2023.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Support for age related firearm policies among Black American firearm owners: examining the role of children in the home.BMC pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Racialized economic segregation and youth firearm carriage: community violence as a mediator.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Redlining, reinvestment, and racial segregation: a bayesian spatial analysis of mortgage lending trajectories and firearm-related violence.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Inequities in Intimate Partner Homicide: Social Determinants of Health Mediate Racial/Ethnic Disparities.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Adapting a digital intervention to prevent youth violence and depressive symptoms from the emergency department for community violence interventions.Cogent mental health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Firearm violence is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and racial health disparities in the United States. Previous studies have identified associations between historically racist housing discrimination (i.e., redlining practices) and firearm violence; however, these studies generally have been limited to a single city and have yet to provide sufficient evidence through which to determine the extent and dynamics of the impact of this relationship across the country. The aim of our study was (1) to estimate the association of historical redlining on both violent and firearm death across the country in nested models; and (2) to examine spatial non-stationarity to determine whether the impact of historical redlining on violent and firearm death was the same across the U.S. We used multilevel Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models to determine the relationship between redlining as illustrated through Home Owners' Loan Corporation maps and 2019 violent and firearm deaths at the ZIP code-level nested within 21 cities across the U.S. We found that at the ZIP code level, there was a dose-responsive relationship between HOLC grading and the incidence of present-day firearm deaths. In general, redlined ZIP codes had higher relative incidence of firearm deaths. Associations were not stable across cities. For example, associations were relatively stronger in Baltimore, MD and weaker in Los Angeles, CA. This research reinforces the findings of previous studies examining the impact of redlining on firearm death across the extent of the entire country in 21 cities and claim that HOLC grades are associated with present-day violence.
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Registered trials
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