ArticleCureus2022
Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease and Its Association With the Frequent Usage of Eye Cosmetics Among Women.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of estrogen replacement therapy combined with autologous serum therapy in controlling severe dry eye disease in perimenopausal women.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Ambient air pollutants and outpatient visits for conjunctivitis in Hefei, China: a time-series study of hospital-based data during 2014-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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- Comparison of Non-Water Proof Mascara Adhesion on the Surface of Different Two-week Frequent Replacement Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses.Clinical optometry · 2025Article
- Ocular adverse events associated with eye makeup: a cosmetovigilance-based cross-sectional study of prevalence and predictors among Jordanian women.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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- Epidemiological Characteristics of Dry Eye Disease in Asian and Asian Female Populations: A Database-Driven Descriptive Study.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeDry eye disease (DED) is defined as a disease of the tear film and ocular surface that leads to discomfort and visual disturbance. The diagnosis of DED mainly depends on the presenting clinical features. A delay in treatment may progress into chronic eye disease. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among eye cosmetic users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study involved adult Saudi females using eye cosmetics. The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire was used to assess DED.
resultsA total of 207 responses were included in this study. DED symptoms were reported among those who used eye cosmetics suggesting their effect on the tear film and its stability. This study demonstrated that mascara is the most common cosmetic used, with a prevalence of 98.6%. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) was 71.6%, where 40.5%, 13.5%, and 17.6% had severe, moderate, and mild conditions, respectively. The frequency of using inner eyeliner significantly increased the prevalence of DES, in which those who used it daily accounted for 75%. In contrast, the results showed no correlation between the frequency of using mascara or external eyeliner and the prevalence of DES.
conclusionThe prevalence of DED among women who used eye cosmetics was much higher than its prevalence in the general population, which indicates that eye cosmetics are one of the risk factors in the development of DED. Also, the severity of DED was significantly higher in women who did not use a cleanser for removing cosmetics.
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Registered trials
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