ArticleViruses2022
17β-Oestradiol Protects from Hepatitis C Virus Infection through Induction of Type I Interferon.
Article in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genotypic Distribution and Epidemiological Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus in the Epirus Region of Northwestern Greece (2014-2024).Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Northern Thailand: A Retrospective Study from 2016 to 2024.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Like a Rolling Stone? A Review on Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.Viruses · 2024Review
- A Synopsis of Hepatitis C Virus Treatments and Future Perspectives.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- What role for cellular metabolism in the control of hepatitis viruses?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsSex hormones are widely recognised to act as protective factors against several viral infections. Specifically, females infected by the hepatitis C virus display higher clearance rates and reduced disease progression than those found in males. Through modulation of particle release and spread, 17β-oestradiol controls HCV's life cycle. We investigated the mechanism(s) behind oestrogen's antiviral effect.
methodsWe used cell culture-derived hepatitis C virus in in vitro assays to evaluate the effect of 17β-oestradiol on the innate immune response. Host immune responses were evaluated by enumerating gene transcripts via RT-qPCR in cells exposed to oestrogen in the presence or absence of viral infection. Antiviral effects were determined by focus-forming unit assay or HCV RNA quantification.
resultsStimulation of 17β-oestradiol triggers a pre-activated antiviral state in hepatocytes, which can be maintained for several hours after the hormone is removed. This induction results in the elevation of several innate immune genes, such as interferon alpha and beta, tumour necrosis factor, toll-like receptor 3 and interferon regulatory factor 5. We demonstrated that this pre-activation of immune response signalling is not affected by a viral presence, and the antiviral state can be ablated using an interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha inhibitor. Finally, we proved that the oestrogen-induced stimulation is essential to generate an antiviral microenvironment mediated by activation of type I interferons.
conclusionResulting in viral control and suppression, 17β-oestradiol induces an interferon-mediated antiviral state in hepatocytes. Oestrogen-stimulated cells modulate the immune response through secretion of type I interferon, which can be countered by blocking interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha signalling.
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Registered trials
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