ReviewPharmaceutics2022
Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of structural and immunological features of mollusk toll-like receptors in aquaculture context.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Development of a Novel Polyleucine-Based Immunopotentiator for Subunit Vaccines Against Group A Streptococcus.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Bioinformatics-guided vaccine targeting the hemagglutinin protein of avian influenza virus.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Heat-Inactivated Selenium Nanoparticle-EnrichedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Hemocyanins: Microscopic Giants with Unique Structural Features for Applications in Biomedicine.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Targeting Streptococcus pyogenes atpF protein for multi-epitope vaccine development: a genomics-driven immunoinformatics strategy.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
- The HER2 target for designing novel multi-peptide vaccine against breast cancer using immunoinformatics and molecular dynamic simulation.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Article
- A large language model for predicting neurotoxic peptides and neurotoxins.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025Article
- Innovation in mRNA Vaccines and RNAi via Protein Nanocages.Vaccines · 2025Review
- AgainstToxins · 2025Review
- Programmable Stapling Peptide Based on Sulfonium as Universal Vaccine Adjuvants for Multiple Types of Vaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Bioinformatics analysis of the in silico engineered protein vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin adjuvant on the model of Klebsiella pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Human genetics of responses to vaccines.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Molecular and Immunological Properties of a Chimeric Glycosyl Hydrolase 18 Based on Immunoinformatics Approaches: A Design of a New Anti-ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Conformational stability of hemocyanins regulates their lysosomal and proteasomal degradation, influencing their pro-inflammatory effects on mammalian antigen-presenting cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Development of a multi-epitope vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii: A comprehensive approach to combating antimicrobial resistance.PloS one · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.