ReviewMicroorganisms2022
Breakthrough Infections: A Challenge towards Measles Elimination?
Review in Microorganisms, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Multiple Measles Transmission Events Associated With a Single Traveler Arriving in the United States, May 2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Decreasing Antibody Titers and the Slow Decay of Measles Immunity in Mexico's Current Epidemiological Landscape.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Waning of vaccine-induced measles antibodies and population immunity gaps in the post-elimination era: a multicenter seroepidemiological study in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Approaches for Measles Virus: Methods, Advances, and Ongoing Challenges.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Measles and rubella: From global health challenges to advancements in molecular diagnostics in the elimination era.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Measles seropositivity in previously vaccinated individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Retrospective Wastewater Tracking of Measles Outbreak in Western Switzerland in Winter 2024.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- The Effects of Vaccination Status and Age on Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Measles Cases in the United States in the Postelimination Era, 2001-2022.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Impact of genotypic variability of measles virus T-cell epitopes on vaccine-induced T-cell immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Estimating the optimal age for infant measles vaccination.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Severe measles with pneumonitis in an immunocompetent adult.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Review
- The Problem with Delaying Measles Elimination.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Measles and Rubella Diagnostic and Classification Challenges in Near- and Post-Elimination Countries.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Measles Outbreak Associated with a Migrant Shelter - Chicago, Illinois, February-May 2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Article
- Dimeric immunoglobulin A as a novel diagnostic marker of measles infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known to man. Despite the existence of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. Paradoxically, breakthrough cases increase as vaccination coverage in the general population rises. In measles endemic areas, breakthrough cases represent less than 10% of total infections, while in areas with high vaccination coverage these are over 10% of the total. Two different vaccination failures have been described: primary vaccination failure, which consists in the complete absence of humoral response and occurs in around 5% of vaccinated individuals; and secondary vaccination failure is due to waning immunity or incomplete immunity and occurs in 2-10% of vaccinees. Vaccination failures are generally associated with lower viral loads and milder disease (modified measles) since vaccination limits the risk of complicated disease. Vaccination failure seems to occur between six and twenty-six years after the last vaccine dose administration. This review summarizes the literature about clinical, serological, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of measles breakthrough cases and their contribution to virus transmission. In view of the measles elimination goal, the assessment of the potential decline in antibody protection and the targeted implementation of catch-up vaccination are essential.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.