ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2022
The Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Dry Eye Disease Signs and Symptoms.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathophysiology of the gut-eye axis in a Sjögren's disease-like dry eye mouse model: An exploratory evaluation of dietary heat-treated Enterococcus faecalis FK-23.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- An Update and Overview of the Ocular and Extraocular Microbiome and Its Impact on Ophthalmic Care.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- The Gut-Eye Axis and Microbiome in Ophthalmic Diseases: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Molecular landscape connecting complications of dry eye disease: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and future innovations.International ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Probiotic Development Strategy Centered on Stability and Regulatory Considerations.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Nutraceutical Intervention of Probiotics in Vision Science: A Systematic Review of Evolving Perspective.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Gut-ocular surface axis in dry eye disease: phenotype-specific mechanisms, evidence, and microbiome-targeted interventions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Immuno-inflammatory axis of menopausal dry eye: from hormonal fluctuations to ocular surface dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The gut-eye axis in age-related macular degeneration: from microbial dysbiosis to targeted intervention strategies.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- The gut-eye axis in blinding eye diseases: microbiota-driven immune dysregulation and immunomodulatory therapies.International ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Role of gut microbiomes in different ocular pathologies: A systematic review.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2025Article
- The Ocular Surface Microbiome in Homeostasis and Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Bovine ocular microbiome: the next frontier in managing Pinkeye in cattle.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Overview of Microorganisms: Bacterial Microbiome, Mycobiome, Virome Identified Using Next-Generation Sequencing, and Their Application to Ophthalmic Diseases.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Oral Intake ofBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Microbiome-based therapeutics for ocular diseases.Clinical & experimental optometry · 2025Review
- The microbiome and the eye: a new era in ophthalmology.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases: Effective factors and new targeted approaches.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2024Review
- From Gut to Eye: Exploring the Role of Microbiome Imbalance in Ocular Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The Relationship Between Gut Microbiome and Ophthalmologic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Dry eye is considered an inflammatory disease. Gut microbiota are important in the regulation of low-grade chronic inflammation, including in the eye. Probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly used to regulate chronic-disease-associated gut dysbiosis. Therefore, this double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to explore the potential of oral probiotics and prebiotics in the management of dry eye disease. In total, 41 participants with dry eye received probiotic and prebiotic supplements (treatment group, n = 23) or respective placebos (control group, n = 18) for 4 months. Dry eye symptoms and signs were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Dry Eye Questionnaire 5, osmolarity, non-invasive keratograph break-up time (NIKBUT), ocular surface staining, tear meniscus height (TMH), lipid layer thickness, and conjunctival redness. After 4 months, the average OSDI score of the treatment group was significantly better compared to that of the controls (16.8 ± 5.9 vs. 23.4 ± 7.4; p < 0.001). The NIKBUT and TMH did not change significantly with treatment (p = 0.31 and p = 0.84) but reduced significantly for controls on average by −5.5 ± 1.0 secs (p = 0.03) and 0.2 ± 0.1 mm (p = 0.02). These data suggest that probiotics and prebiotics might be effective in the management of dry eye disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.