ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
The Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy and Cell Cycle Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Research on the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Metastasis by Graphene Oxide Suppresses the Translation of the Snail mRNA.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Dual role of ROS-dependent anti-cancer activity and photocatalytic degradation of graphene oxide against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and organic dye.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Graphene Nanocomposites in the Targeting Tumor Microenvironment: Recent Advances in TME Reprogramming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Titania nanotubes with aminated reduced graphene oxide as efficient photocatalysts for antibacterial application under visible light.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Stimuli-responsive Graphene-polysaccharide Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering.Current organic synthesis · 2025Review
- ZnO-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Paclitaxel Delivery and Enhanced Toxicity in Breast Cancer Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Gamma radiation assisted green synthesis of hesperidin-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite targeted JNK/SMAD4/MMP2 signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Synergistic Effect of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Proteasome Inhibitor in the Induction of Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Chasing Graphene-Based Anticancer Drugs: Where are We Now on the Biomedical Graphene Roadmap?International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) on Cytotoxicity, Induction of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Autophagy-mediated nanomaterials for tumor therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Recent Advances in Nanomaterials of Group XIV Elements of Periodic Table in Breast Cancer Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has already been reported as a potential cytostatic agent in various cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying rGO's cytotoxicity are still insufficiently understood. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the molecular and cellular effects of rGO in breast cancer. Given this, two cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1, were analyzed using MTT test, flow cytometry and Western blot assay. Incubation with rGO resulted in a multitude of effects, including the stimulation of autophagy, cell cycle arrest and, finally, the apoptotic death of cancer cells. Notably, rGO had minimal effect on normal human fibroblasts. Apoptosis in cancer cells was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, the deregulated expression of mitochondrial proteins and the activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, suggesting that rGO predominantly induced apoptosis via intrinsic pathway. The analysis of LC3 protein expression revealed that rGO also caused autophagy in breast cancer cells. Moreover, rGO treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest, which was accompanied by deregulated p21 expression. Altogether, rGO seems to have multidirectional cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in breast cancer cells, making it a promising agent worthy of further investigation.
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