ArticleTropical medicine and infectious disease2022
West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Overwintering in Italy.
Article in Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- First Detection of Usutu Virus in Harbor Seals (Viruses · 2026Article
- Meteorological and environmental drivers of West Nile virus prevalence in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna, Italy in 2013 to 2022.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Interaction of West Nile virus NS5 with orthoflavivirus SLA RNAs and their effects on viral replication and inhibition.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- First autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 to humans in Spain.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Virological Passive Surveillance of Avian Influenza and Arboviruses in Wild Birds: A Two-Year Study (2023-2024) in Lombardy, Italy.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiology and surveillance of West Nile virus in the Mediterranean Basin during 2010-2023: A systematic review.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Review
- Origin and evolution of West Nile virus lineage 1 in Italy.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Article
- Continuous surveillance of potentially zoonotic avian pathogens detects contemporaneous occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV H5) and flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in several wild and captive birds.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Indication of West Nile Virus (WNV) Lineage 2 Overwintering among Wild Birds in the Regions of Peloponnese and Western Greece.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus RNA in Autumn Season in Wild Avian Hosts in Northern Italy.Viruses · 2023Article
- OverwinteringOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Article
- Emerging Diseases/Viruses Prevention, Control, Surveillance, and One Health.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- West Nile, Sindbis and Usutu Viruses: Evidence of Circulation in Mosquitoes and Horses in Tunisia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Reoccurrence of West Nile virus lineage 1 after 2-year decline: first equine outbreak in Campania region.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Article
- Special Issue "Emerging Diseases/Viruses: Prevention, Control, Surveillance, and One Health".Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus: A Post-Mortem Monitoring Study in Wild Birds from Rescue Centers, Central Italy.Viruses · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In January 2022, West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 (L2) was detected in an adult female goshawk rescued near Perugia in the region of Umbria (Italy). The animal showed neurological symptoms and died 15 days after its recovery in a wildlife rescue center. This was the second case of WNV infection recorded in birds in the Umbria region during the cold season, when mosquitoes, the main WNV vectors, are usually not active. According to the National Surveillance Plan, the Umbria region is included amongst the WNV low-risk areas. The necropsy evidenced generalized pallor of the mucous membranes, mild splenomegaly, and cerebral edema. WNV L2 was detected in the brain, heart, kidney, and spleen homogenate using specific RT-PCR. Subsequently, the extracted viral RNA was sequenced. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis performed through a maximum-likelihood tree showed that the genome sequence clustered with the Italian strains within the European WNV strains among the central-southern European WNV L2 clade. These results, on the one hand, confirmed that the WNV L2 strains circulating in Italy are genetically stable and, on the other hand, evidenced a continuous WNV circulation in Italy throughout the year. In this report case, a bird-to-bird WNV transmission was suggested to support the virus overwintering. The potential transmission through the oral route in a predatory bird may explain the relatively rapid spread of WNV, as well as other flaviviruses characterized by similar transmission patterns. However, rodent-to-bird transmission or mosquito-to-bird transmission cannot be excluded, and further research is needed to better understand WNV transmission routes during the winter season in Italy.
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