ArticleEuropean journal of public health2022
Increasing prevalence of illicit drug use among employees at Swedish workplaces over a 25-year period.
Article in European journal of public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic toxicology, 2023-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Parental income and drug use disorder among second-generation individuals in Sweden: effect modification by immigrant background and region of origin.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Incidents of sudden death during restraint of agitated individuals in Sweden between 1992 and 2024.Journal of forensic sciences · 2026Article
- Joint Clinical Assessments in Europe: Implications for Market Access, Reimbursement, and National HTA Alignment.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2026Review
- Higher Prescribed Opioid Use Among Adults With Crohn's Disease Than General Population: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden 2006-2021.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Illicit drug use at licensed premises and the potential for prevention: A qualitative interview study of stakeholders.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2024Article
- Factors associated with long-term benzodiazepine and Z-drug use across the lifespan and 5-year temporal trajectories among incident users: a Swedish nationwide register-based study.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundReports indicate that the proportion of adults using drugs of abuse has been increasing in recent years in Europe. Although there are various indicators of increased drug use in Sweden over time, few studies could demonstrate an increase in the proportion of adults using drugs. To investigate changes in drug use prevalence over time, drug testing at the workplace has been used for a 25-year period.
methodsThe urine samples of employees sent by occupational health services from all over Sweden during a 25-year period were analyzed. The analyzing capacity increased over time (from 3411 in 1994 to 60 315 samples analyzed in 2019), and the majority of the samples was analyzed for the following drugs: cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol), amphetamine, opiates, cocaine, and benzodiazepines.
resultsThere was an overall increase in the proportion of samples that tested positive for illicit drugs over a 25-year period. This increase seemed to take place step-wise, with phases of linear increases and plateaus that over time became shorter. About 1.3% of samples tested positive for drugs in 1994, whereas 5.6% tested positive in 2019. Since 2007, the rate of positive samples has increased for cannabis and decreased for benzodiazepines. Although the rate of samples tested positive for opiates had remained relatively stable over the last 20 years, this rate had increased for amphetamine and cocaine between 2013 and 2019.
conclusionThe results indicate that the use of illicit drugs among employees at Swedish workplaces has increased during a 25-year period.
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