ReviewBrain communications2022
Cytokine dynamics and targeted immunotherapies in autoimmune encephalitis.
Review in Brain communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune encephalitis during pregnancy: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge-A systematic review with individual patients' analysis and clinical recommendations.Epilepsia open · 2023Pooled it
- The cascade to pathogenicity in autoantibody-mediated CNS diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Cross-sectional Study.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Development of a tetracycline-inducible programmed ribosomal frameshifting platform for sensitive regulation of mammalian gene expression.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- A case of autoimmune encephalitis with autoimmune gastritis presenting as refractory hyponatremia.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cell secretome from patients with autoimmune encephalitis promotes seizures in vitro.Epilepsia · 2025Article
- Relapses in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Clinical Characterization and Predictive Features.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Development of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Neuronal pSTAT1 hallmarks synaptic pathology in autoimmune encephalitis against intracellular antigens.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Toward curing neurological autoimmune disorders: Biomarkers, immunological mechanisms, and therapeutic targets.Neuron · 2025Review
- Cell-free DNA integrity and complement C4d as novel liquid biopsy biomarkers for paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Molecularly targeted immunotherapy used to treat a novel overlap syndrome of pediatricAnnals of the Child Neurology Society · 2024Article
- Comparative Study of Paraneoplastic and Nonparaneoplastic Autoimmune Encephalitis With GABANeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Abnormal DNA methylation analysis of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody encephalitis reveals novel methylation-driven genes related to prognostic and clinical features.Clinical epigenetics · 2023Article
- Prognostic Value of Persistent CSF Antibodies at 12 Months in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Observational
- Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases: Role of Interleukins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitides constitute a diverse group of immune-mediated central nervous system disorders mainly characterized by the presence of antibodies targeting neuronal or glial antigens. Despite the notable contribution of antibody discovery to the understanding of their physiopathology, the specific immune cells and inflammatory mediators involved in autoimmune encephalitis are still poorly defined. However, cytokines have recently emerged as crucial signalling molecules in the pathogenesis of autoimmune encephalitis. Cytokines are biologically active, soluble, low-molecular-weight proteins or glycoproteins involved in a wide variety of physiological functions, including central nervous system development and homeostasis, immune surveillance, as well as proliferation and maturation of immune cells. Since unbalanced cytokine expression is considered a hallmark of many autoimmune central nervous system disorders, their identification and quantification has become an essential element in personalized medicine applied to the field of neuroimmunology. Several studies have explored the cytokine profile of autoimmune encephalitis, but their interpretation and comparison is challenging due to their small sample sizes and extremely high heterogeneity, especially regarding the cytokines analysed, type of sample used, and associated neural antibody. Only the cytokine profile of anti-N-methyl-
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.