ArticleNature communications2022
Estimating effects of parents' cognitive and non-cognitive skills on offspring education using polygenic scores.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at onset of walking in over 70,000 infants of European ancestry.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Robust genetic nurture effects on education: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 38,654 families across 8 cohorts.American journal of human genetics · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic investigation of the association between maternal dietary patterns and offspring ADHD.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Student-teacher relationships as a mediator of children's education-linked genetics: results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Genetics of Educational Attainment and Childhood Problem Behavior: Direct Genetic Effects, Cognitive Pathways, and Sex Differences.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Common genetic variants are associated with increased likelihood of latent co-occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health factors among autistic individuals.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Common and rare genetic variant associations with cognitive performance across development in British birth cohorts.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- No evidence of parental mental health influencing children's academic achievement: a within-family study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neurobehavioural genes exert indirect genetic effects on blood lipid profiles through behavioural traits.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Within- and between-family genetic effects on educational achievement vary across countries and ages.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Power to Resolve Cultural Transmission and Sibling Interaction Using Polygenic Scores.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Polygenic Scores and Environmental Factors in Psychiatric Disorders: Gene-Environment Interaction Analyses Using the iPSYCH Study.Research square · 2025Article
- Diet as a source of the non-direct genetic effects in metabolic traits: evidence from a family-based GWAS study.Human genetics · 2025Article
- The importance of intrafamilial cognitive phenotyping by the case of 22q11.2 deletion, 15q11.2 deletion, and families with inherited copy number variants of unknown significance.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- Educational attainment and mental health outcomes: A within-sibship Mendelian randomization study.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Cognitive Abilities and Educational Attainment as Antecedents of Mental Disorders: A Total Population Study of Males.Psychological science · 2025Article
- Using twin-pairs to assess potential bias in polygenic prediction of externalising behaviours across development.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- The genetics of low and high birthweight and their relationship with cardiometabolic disease.Diabetologia · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding how parents' cognitive and non-cognitive skills influence offspring education is essential for educational, family and economic policy. We use genetics (GWAS-by-subtraction) to assess a latent, broad non-cognitive skills dimension. To index parental effects controlling for genetic transmission, we estimate indirect parental genetic effects of polygenic scores on childhood and adulthood educational outcomes, using siblings (N = 47,459), adoptees (N = 6407), and parent-offspring trios (N = 2534) in three UK and Dutch cohorts. We find that parental cognitive and non-cognitive skills affect offspring education through their environment: on average across cohorts and designs, indirect genetic effects explain 36-40% of population polygenic score associations. However, indirect genetic effects are lower for achievement in the Dutch cohort, and for the adoption design. We identify potential causes of higher sibling- and trio-based estimates: prenatal indirect genetic effects, population stratification, and assortative mating. Our phenotype-agnostic, genetically sensitive approach has established overall environmental effects of parents' skills, facilitating future mechanistic work.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.