Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35998586›Full record

ArticleEuropean addiction research2022

Mortality, Causes of Death, and Predictors of Death among Patients On and Off Opioid Agonist Treatment: Results from a 19-Year Cohort Study.

Ivar Skeie, Thomas Clausen, Arne Jan Hjemsæter, Anne Signe Landheim, Bent Monsbakken, Magne Thoresen, Helge Waal

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European addiction research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.8field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Ivar SkeieNational Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Department of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway.
Thomas ClausenNorwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Arne Jan HjemsæterNational Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Department of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway.
Anne Signe LandheimNational Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Department of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway.
Bent MonsbakkenNational Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Department of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway.
Magne ThoresenDepartment of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Helge WaalNorwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Innlandet Hospital Trust · NOUniversity of Oslo · NOOslo University Hospital · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMortality is increased among people with opioid use disorder but reduced while on opioid agonist treatment (OAT). However, the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality and causes of death is insufficiently studied.

objectivesThe objective of this study was to explore mortality and causes of death and examine the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality in an OAT cohort with high retention in treatment.

methodsDesign: longitudinal cohort study.

settingNorway. Observation period: time from OAT start as of 1998 until death or end of 2016, 2,508 person-years (PY) in total. SAMPLE: 200 persons starting OAT 1998-2007. DATA SOURCES: hospital records, interviews, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, Statistics Norway.

resultsRetention: 86.4% of the observation period was on OAT, 9.0% off, 4.6% unknown OAT status. All-cause crude mortality rate per 100 PY during the whole observation period was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.19-2.20), for deaths of somatic cause 0.88 (0.56-1.31), for drug-induced deaths 0.44 (0.23-0.76), and traumatic deaths 0.24 (0.10-0.50). Off-versus-on-OAT all-cause mortality ratio was 2.31 (1.00-4.85). On OAT, 58% of the deaths were of somatic cause and 21% drug-induced; off OAT, 38% of somatic cause and 50% drug-induced. Increasing baseline age and rate of somatic hospital treatment episodes were independently associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, while increasing rate of in-patient psychiatric treatment episodes was associated with reduced risk. Increasing duration of nicotine and cannabis use and alcohol dependence as well as increasing severity of polydrug use were associated with increased all-cause and somatic mortality adjusted for age and sex.

conclusionThe long observation period made it possible to demonstrate the importance of long-term retention in OAT to reduce mortality. Further, the preponderance of somatic and reduction of drug-induced causes of death during OAT underlines the need for follow-up of chronic diseases and health-promoting lifestyle changes. These findings add to the knowledge about long-term OAT effects, not least in ageing OAT populations.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidOpioid-Related DisordersCause of DeathCohort StudiesHumansLongitudinal StudiesOpiate Substitution TreatmentAnalgesics, OpioidAgeingCauses of deathMortalityOpioid agonist treatmentOpioid use disorderRetention in treatment

Identifiers

PMID35998586
PMCPMC9533433
OpenAlexW4292814160

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.