ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people.
Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
91citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
33.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic landscape of adult executive function reveals a cell-type-specific developmental origin.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Musical rhythm abilities and risk for developmental speech-language problems and disorders: epidemiological and polygenic associations.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Hypothesis-driven genome-wide association studies provide novel insights into genetics of reading disabilities.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Language and reading impairments are associated with increased prevalence of non-right-handedness.Child developmentPooled it
- Neural Cell Models of Specific Reading Disabilities: Identification of Cellular and Transcriptome Alterations.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2026Article
- Prenatal and early-life determinants of neurodevelopment: A decade of discoveries and new directions in ABCD.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Review
- Shared genetics between ADHD and reading/language abilities: Genome-wide correlations, stratified enrichment, cross-trait association, and mendelian randomization.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Genome-wide investigation of prosody perception: Shared genetic influences between speech rhythm, musical rhythm, and reading traits.HGG advances · 2026Article
- Variations of global brain asymmetry are associated with aging and related diseases.Science advances · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Study of Language of Twins at Ages 9 and 14 Years: Twinning, Zygosity, and Heritability.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Intergenerational transmission of the structure of the auditory cortex and reading skills.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- A decade of discovery: Leveraging genomic data in the ABCD study to illuminate adolescent neurodevelopment.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Review
- Crystallized and fluid cognitive abilities have different genetic associations with neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genetic drivers of progression in Alzheimer's disease are distinct from disease risk.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Ancient regulatory evolution shapes individual language abilities in present-day humans.Science advances · 2026Article
- Does bilingualism buffer genetic predispositions to reading difficulties through alterations of structural interhemispheric connectivity? An ABCDbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Natural selection and language genes in humans.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ancient regulatory evolution shapes individual language abilities in present-day humans.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Measuring reading and language skill in generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
95 authors at 20 institutions in 16 countries.
Else EisingLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-9819-1260
Nazanin Mirza-SchreiberInstitute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany.
Eveline L de ZeeuwDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Carol A WangSchool of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
Dongnhu T TruongDepartment of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510.
Andrea G AllegriniSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
Chin Yang ShaplandMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-5797-1241
Gu ZhuGenetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Karen G WiggDivision of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.
Margot L GerritseLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Barbara MolzLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9300-761X
Gökberk AlagözLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-0530-2780
Alessandro GialluisiTranslational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7388-4463
Filippo AbbondanzaSchool of Medicine, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Kaili RimfeldSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-5139-065X
Marjolein van DonkelaarLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Zhijie LiaoDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3,Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-2351-0022
Philip R JansenDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Till F M AndlauerTranslational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2917-5889
Timothy C BatesDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-1153-9007
Manon BernardDepartment of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
Kirsten BloklandProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8 ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-0080-8320
Milene BonteDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Anders D BørglumDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
Thomas BourgeronHuman Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France.
Daniel BrandeisDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
Fabiola CeroniDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7474-6361
Valéria CsépeBrain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117 Hungary.
Philip S DaleDepartment of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.ORCID 0000-0002-7697-8510
Peter F de JongDepartment of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8806-0563
John C DeFriesInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0447.
Jean-François DémonetLeenaards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Ditte DemontisDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0001-9124-2766
Yu FengDivision of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.
Scott D GordonGenetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Sharon L GugerDepartment of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
Marianna E Hayiou-ThomasDepartment of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1163-2671
Juan A Hernández-CabreraDepartamento de Psicología, Clínica Psicobiología y Metodología, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
Jouke-Jan HottengaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Charles HulmeDepartment of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX2 6PY, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-9499-5958
Juha KereDepartment of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
Elizabeth N KerrDepartment of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9589-6502
Tanner KoomarDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
Karin LanderlInstitute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Gabriel T LeonardCognitive Neuroscience Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada.
Maureen W LovettProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8 ON, Canada.
Heikki LyytinenDepartment of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Nicholas G MartinGenetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Angela MartinelliSchool of Medicine, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Urs MaurerDepartment of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Jacob J MichaelsonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
Kristina MollDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich, 80336 Germany.
Anthony P MonacoOffice of the President, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155.ORCID 0000-0001-7480-3197
Angela T MorganSpeech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1147-7405
Markus M NöthenInstitute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8770-2464
Zdenka PausovaDepartment of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
Craig E PennellSchool of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
Bruce F PenningtonDepartment of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210.ORCID 0000-0001-9541-8204
Kaitlyn M PriceDivision of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.
Veera M RajagopalDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-5236-168X
Franck RamusLaboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, 75005 France.
Louis RicherDepartment of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-6590-3046
Nuala H SimpsonDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.
Shelley D SmithDepartment of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.
Margaret J SnowlingDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-0836-3861
John SteinDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-5843-8986
Lisa J StrugDepartment of Statistical Sciences and Computer Science and Division of Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0503-9740
Joel B TalcottInstitute for Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
Henning TiemeierDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marc P van der SchroeffDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1360-8782
Ellen VerhoefLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8315-1095
Kate E WatkinsDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2621-482X
Margaret WilkinsonProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8 ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-5735-4051
Margaret J WrightQueensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Cathy L BarrDivision of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0361-0106
Dorret I BoomsmaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-7099-7972
Manuel CarreirasBasque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20009 Gipuzkoa, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-6726-7613
Marie-Christine J FrankenDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Jeffrey R GruenDepartment of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510.ORCID 0000-0001-7640-2071
Michelle LucianoDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-7306-3008
Bertram Müller-MyhsokTranslational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0719-101X
Dianne F NewburyFaculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
Richard K OlsonInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0447.
Silvia ParacchiniSchool of Medicine, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Tomáš PausDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
Robert PlominSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
Sheena ReillySpeech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6506-4767
Gerd Schulte-KörneDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich, 80336 Germany.
J Bruce TomblinCommunication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
Elsje van BergenDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Andrew J O WhitehouseTelethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
Erik G WillcuttDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0447.
Beate St PourcainLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Clyde FrancksLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9098-890X
Simon E FisherLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-3132-1996
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics · NLUniversity of Toronto · CAUniversity of Oxford · GBUniversity Health Network · CAAarhus University · DKErasmus MC · NLHospital for Sick Children · CAKing's College London · GBQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · AURadboud University Nijmegen · NLUniversity of Colorado Boulder · USUniversity of Iowa · USUniversity of St Andrews · GBCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique · FRHersenstichting · NLLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München · DEOxford Brookes University · GBPediatrics and Genetics · USUniversity of Edinburgh · GBVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NL
Funding
NIMH Center Repository Supporting Stem Cell ResearchU24MH068457 · NIMH · RUTGERS THE ST UNIV OF NJ NEW BRUNSWICK · PI BRZUSTOWICZ, LINDA M, KNOWLES, JAMES A · 2003 to 2024
$213.8MYale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MABCD-USA Consortium: Coordinating CenterU24DA041147 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SANDRA A BROWN, TERRY L. JERNIGAN · 2015 to 2026
$54.7MABCD-USA Consortium: Data Analysis, Informatics and Resource CenterU24DA041123 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ANDERS M DALE · 2015 to 2026
$51.5MVALIDITY OF SUBTYPES OF ADHDP50HD027802 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI ERIK G WILLCUTT · 1990 to 2026
$44.9MAdolescent Substance Use Initiation: Disentangling neurocognitive risks from consequences using longitudinal and genetically-informed methodsU01DA041120 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Monica Luciana, Sylia Wilson · 2015 to 2026
$34.5MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041089 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Joanna Jacobus, Susan F. Tapert · 2015 to 2026
$31.7MProspective Research Studies of Maturation (PRISM)- Research ProjectU01DA041134 · NIDA · UTAH STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM--UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI ERIN MCGLADE, PERRY FRANKLIN RENSHAW · 2015 to 2026
$29.2MABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECTU01DA041048 · NIDA · CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF LOS ANGELES · PI Megan Marie Herting, ELIZABETH R SOWELL · 2015 to 2026
$28.7MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041106 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Mary M Heitzeg, Chandra Sekhar Sripada · 2015 to 2026
$24.9MFIU-ABCD: Pathways and Mechanisms to Addiction in the Latino Youth of South FloridaU01DA041156 · NIDA · FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY · PI Raul Gonzalez, Angela R Laird · 2015 to 2026
$22.8MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041148 · NIDA · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI Damien A Fair, Rebekah S Huber · 2015 to 2026
$22.3MEPA EP-C-15-001Medical Research Council G1000569Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_PC_19009Medical Research Council MR/M021475/1Medical Research Council MR/V012878Medical Research Council MR/V012878/1NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NIA NIH HHS R01 AG046938NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD094902NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD027802NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103556NIDA NIH HHS RC2 DA029475NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041022NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041025NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041028NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041048NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041089NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041093NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041106NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041117NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041120NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041134NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041148NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041156NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041174NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050987NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050988NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050989NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051016NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051018NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051037NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051038NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051039NIDA NIH HHS U24 DA041123NIDA NIH HHS U24 DA041147NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC014489NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC016977NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH058799NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089924NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089983NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089995NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH109514NIMH NIH HHS U24 MH068457NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS043530Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 075491/Z/04Wellcome Trust 076566Wellcome Trust 076566/Z/05/ZWellcome Trust 082036/B/07/ZWellcome Trust 105621/Z/14/ZWellcome Trust 204821/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 217065/Z/19/Z
Abstract
The use of spoken and written language is a fundamental human capacity. Individual differences in reading- and language-related skills are influenced by genetic variation, with twin-based heritability estimates of 30 to 80% depending on the trait. The genetic architecture is complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial, but investigations of contributions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were thus far underpowered. We present a multicohort genome-wide association study (GWAS) of five traits assessed individually using psychometric measures (word reading, nonword reading, spelling, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition) in samples of 13,633 to 33,959 participants aged 5 to 26 y. We identified genome-wide significant association with word reading (rs11208009,
Indexed as
Genome-Wide Association StudyIndividualityReadingSpeechAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolGenetic LociHumansLanguagePolymorphism, Single NucleotideYoung Adultgenome-wide association studylanguagemeta-analysisreading
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