ArticleJournal of Intelligence2022
Intelligence IS Cognitive Flexibility: Why Multilevel Models of Within-Individual Processes Are Needed to Realise This.
Article in Journal of Intelligence, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Individual Differences in Problem-Solving Behavior in Reasoning Tests: The Role of Item Difficulty and Item Position.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- The association between cognitive flexibility and creativity across childhood and adolescence: a scoping review.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Metacognitive Monitoring in Reading Comprehension: Examining the Role of Cognitive Flexibility, Vocabulary, and Fluency in Young Readers.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Relational Integration and Attentional Control Are Crucial to Fluid Intelligence Together but Not Alone-An Experimental Investigation of Individual Difference in Relational Monitoring Processes.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Age-related effects on a hierarchical structure of canine cognition.GeroScience · 2024Article
- A Novel Approach to Measuring an Old Construct: Aligning the Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Cognitive Flexibility.Journal of Intelligence · 2024Article
- Subjective Cognitive Impairment Can Be Detected from the Decline of Complex Cognition: Findings from the Examination of Remedes 4 Alzheimer's (R4Alz) Structural Validity.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Within-Individual Variation in Cognitive Performance Is Not Noise: Why and How Cognitive Assessments Should Examine Within-Person Performance.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- Eye Gaze Patterns during Reasoning Provide Insights Regarding Individual Differences in Underlying Cognitive Abilities.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- Task Switching: On the Relation of Cognitive Flexibility with Cognitive Capacity.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- Criticality is Associated with Future Psychotherapy Response in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-A Pilot Study.Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence for the link between an individual's intelligence and successful life outcomes, questions about what defines intelligence have remained the focus of heated dispute. The most common approach to understanding intelligence has been to investigate what performance on tests of intellect is and is not associated with. This psychometric approach, based on correlations and factor analysis is deficient. In this review, we aim to substantiate why classic psychometrics which focus on between-person accounts will necessarily provide a limited account of intelligence until theoretical considerations of within-person accounts are incorporated. First, we consider the impact of entrenched psychometric presumptions that support the status quo and impede alternative views. Second, we review the importance of process-theories, which are critical for any serious attempt to build a within-person account of intelligence. Third, features of dynamic tasks are reviewed, and we outline how static tasks can be modified to target within-person processes. Finally, we explain how multilevel models are conceptually and psychometrically well-suited to building and testing within-individual notions of intelligence, which at its core, we argue is cognitive flexibility. We conclude by describing an application of these ideas in the context of microworlds as a case study.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.