ArticlePloS one2022
The Portiloop: A deep learning-based open science tool for closed-loop brain stimulation.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modulating sleep: slow oscillation and spindle stimulation effects on physiology and memory.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Nightly variations in sleep quality and next-day cognitive performance: an in-home study in healthy older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neurophysiological effects of targeting sleep spindles with closed-loop auditory stimulation.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
- Should we get involved? impact of human collaboration and intervention on multi-robot teams.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2025Article
- Article
- A personalized semi-automatic sleep spindle detection (PSASD) framework.Journal of neuroscience methods · 2024Article
- A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveals common waveform features across species.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Altered brain function during movement programming is linked with motor deficits after stroke: a high temporal resolution study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveal common features across species.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Brain State-Dependent Non-Invasive Neurostimulation with EEG Feedback: Achievements and Prospects (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Closed-loop brain stimulation refers to capturing neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), quickly identifying neural events of interest, and producing auditory, magnetic or electrical stimulation so as to interact with brain processes precisely. It is a promising new method for fundamental neuroscience and perhaps for clinical applications such as restoring degraded memory function; however, existing tools are expensive, cumbersome, and offer limited experimental flexibility. In this article, we propose the Portiloop, a deep learning-based, portable and low-cost closed-loop stimulation system able to target specific brain oscillations. We first document open-hardware implementations that can be constructed from commercially available components. We also provide a fast, lightweight neural network model and an exploration algorithm that automatically optimizes the model hyperparameters to the desired brain oscillation. Finally, we validate the technology on a challenging test case of real-time sleep spindle detection, with results comparable to off-line expert performance on the Massive Online Data Annotation spindle dataset (MODA; group consensus). Software and plans are available to the community as an open science initiative to encourage further development and advance closed-loop neuroscience research [https://github.com/Portiloop].
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.