ArticlePloS one2022
A genome-wide association study of total child psychiatric problems scores.
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Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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16citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenetic timing effects on child developmental outcomes: a longitudinal meta-regression of findings from the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium.Genome medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Childhood and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Nutrition in early life interacts with genetic risk to influence preadult behaviour in the Raine Study.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Child Mental Health Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Twin-Family Feasibility Study in Nigeria.Behavior genetics · 2025Article
- On the psychometric properties and genomic etiology of the general factor of psychopathology.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Association between the childhood rearing environment and general and specific psychopathology factors in middle adulthood: a Swedish National High-Risk Home-Reared versus Adopted-Away Sibling Comparison Study.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Observational
- Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Integrating HiTOP and RDoC frameworks Part I: Genetic architecture of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of life adversity and gene expression on psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents: findings from the Brazilian high risk cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Exploring the genetic etiology across the continuum of the general psychopathology factor: a Swedish population-based family and twin study.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mapping potential pathways from polygenic liability through brain structure to psychological problems across the transition to adolescence.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2024Article
- A Multivariate Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Neural Correlates and Common Biological Mechanisms of Psychopathology Spectra.Research square · 2024Article
- Annual Research Review: Sex, gender, and internalizing conditions among adolescents in the 21st century - trends, causes, consequences.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2024Review
- Why we need families in genomic research on developmental psychopathology.JCPP advances · 2023Article
- "The elephant in the room": social responsibility in the production of sociogenomics research.BioSocieties · 2022Article
- Combined polygenic risk scores of different psychiatric traits predict general and specific psychopathology in childhood.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
61 authors at 20 institutions in 10 countries.
Alexander NeumannDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6653-3203
Ilja M NolteDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Irene PappaDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Tarunveer S AhluwaliaCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-7464-3354
Erik PetterssonDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Alina RodriguezDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1209-8802
Andrew WhitehouseTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Catharina E M van BeijsterveldtNetherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Beben BenyaminAustralian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Anke R HammerschlagChild Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Quinta HelmerNetherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ville KarhunenDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Eva KrapohlSocial, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Yi LuDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Peter J van der MostDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8450-3518
Teemu PalviainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-7847-8384
Beate St PourcainMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Ilkka SeppäläDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
Anna SuarezDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Natalia Vilor-TejedorCenter for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
Carla M T TieslerInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Carol WangSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Amanda WillsDivision of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
Ang ZhouAustralian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Silvia AlemanyUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
Hans BisgaardCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Klaus BønnelykkeCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Gareth E DaviesAvera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America.
Christian HakulinenDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Anjali K HendersInstitute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Elina HyppönenAustralian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Jakob StokholmCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Meike BartelsNetherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Jouke-Jan HottengaNetherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Joachim HeinrichLMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Div. Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
John HewittInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America.
Liisa Keltikangas-JärvinenDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Tellervo KorhonenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Jaakko KaprioInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-3716-2455
Jari LahtiDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Marius Lahti-PulkkinenDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-5244-5525
Terho LehtimäkiDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
Christel M MiddeldorpChild Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Jackob M NajmanPublic Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7079-2080
Craig PennellSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Chris PowerPopulation, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Albertine J OldehinkelInterdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (IPCE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Robert PlominSocial, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Katri RäikkönenDepartment of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Olli T RaitakariDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Kaili RimfeldSocial, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Lærke SassCOPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Harold SniederDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Marie StandlLMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Div. Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
Jordi SunyerUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
Gail M WilliamsChild and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Marian J Bakermans-KranenburgClinical Child & Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dorret I BoomsmaNetherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Marinus H van IJzendoornSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Catharina A HartmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Henning TiemeierDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-4395-1397
University of Helsinki · FIVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLUniversity of Copenhagen · DKThe University of Queensland · AUKing's College London · GBUniversitat Pompeu Fabra · ESUniversity of South Australia · AUImperial College London · GBKarolinska Institutet · SETampere University · FIUniversity of Colorado Boulder · USUniversity of Newcastle Australia · AUAvera Health · USChildren’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service · AUErasmus MC · NLGreat Ormond Street Hospital · GBHarvard University · USHelmholtz Zentrum München · DEJewish General Hospital · CA
Funding
Type 1 Diabetes Genetics ConsortiumU01DK062418 · NIDDK · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI RICH, STEPHEN S. · 2002 to 2007
$59.8MTwin StudyP60DA011015 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HEWITT, JOHN K. · 1997 to 2013
$22.5MColorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development & cognitive aging (CATSLife2)R01AG046938 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI REYNOLDS, CHANDRA A, WADSWORTH, SALLY J · 2015 to 2024
$18.5MGENETICS OF ADOLESCENT ANTISOCIAL DRUG DEPENDENCER01DA012845 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HEWITT, JOHN K. · 2000 to 2012
$7.1MIntegration of Genomics & Transcriptomics in Normal Twins & Major DepressionRC2MH089951 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2009 to 2010
$6.5MBEHAVIORAL PHARMACOGENETICS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSET32AA007464 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HOFFMAN, PAULA · 1987 to 2017
$4.8MGenetics of cardiovascular risk factors in large founder population birth controlR01HL087679 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI HIRSCHHORN, JOEL N · 2007 to 2009
$4.0MGenomics of Developmental Trajectories in TwinsRC2MH089995 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2009 to 2010
$3.8MGenetic Influences on ADHD in a Finnish Birth CohortR01MH063706 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI SMALLEY, SUSAN L · 2001 to 2005
$3.3MWhole Genome Assoc. Analysis Strategies for Multi. PhenotypesRL1MH083268 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI FREIMER, NELSON B. · 2007 to 2011
$2.1MEPA EP-C-15-001Medical Research Council G0901245Medical Research Council G1001799Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_PC_19009NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL087679NIAAA NIH HHS T32 AA007464NIA NIH HHS R01 AG046938NIDA NIH HHS P60 DA011015NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012845NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK062418NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH063706NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089951NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089995NIMH NIH HHS RL1 MH083268Wellcome Trust
Abstract
Substantial genetic correlations have been reported across psychiatric disorders and numerous cross-disorder genetic variants have been detected. To identify the genetic variants underlying general psychopathology in childhood, we performed a genome-wide association study using a total psychiatric problem score. We analyzed 6,844,199 common SNPs in 38,418 school-aged children from 20 population-based cohorts participating in the EAGLE consortium. The SNP heritability of total psychiatric problems was 5.4% (SE = 0.01) and two loci reached genome-wide significance: rs10767094 and rs202005905. We also observed an association of SBF2, a gene associated with neuroticism in previous GWAS, with total psychiatric problems. The genetic effects underlying the total score were shared with common psychiatric disorders only (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, insomnia) (rG > 0.49), but not with autism or the less common adult disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or eating disorders) (rG < 0.01). Importantly, the total psychiatric problem score also showed at least a moderate genetic correlation with intelligence, educational attainment, wellbeing, smoking, and body fat (rG > 0.29). The results suggest that many common genetic variants are associated with childhood psychiatric symptoms and related phenotypes in general instead of with specific symptoms. Further research is needed to establish causality and pleiotropic mechanisms between related traits.
Indexed as
Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBipolar DisorderGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansPolymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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