ArticleFrontiers in oncology2022
Comprehensive Analysis of the Immunogenomics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Brain Metastases From LCCC1419.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization, immune cell phenotyping and differential gene expression analysis of brain metastases and primary breast cancer samples.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A proteogenomic atlas of 1032 brain metastases identifies molecular subtypes, immune landscapes, and therapeutic vulnerabilities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Genomic and immune profiling of breast cancer brain metastases.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Genes to therapy: a comprehensive literature review of whole-exome sequencing in neurology and neurosurgery.European journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Immunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive variant of breast cancer that lacks the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and HER2. Nearly 50% of patients with advanced TNBC will develop brain metastases (BrM), commonly with progressive extracranial disease. Immunotherapy has shown promise in the treatment of advanced TNBC; however, the immune contexture of BrM remains largely unknown. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of TNBC BrM and matched primary tumors to characterize the genomic and immune landscape of TNBC BrM to inform the development of immunotherapy strategies in this aggressive disease. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing were conducted on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of BrM and primary tumors of patients with clinical TNBC ( Results: Primary and BrM tissues were confirmed as TNBC (23/25 primaries, 16/17 BrM) by immunohistochemistry and of the basal intrinsic subtype (13/15 primaries and 16/19 BrM) by PAM50. Compared to primary tumors, BrM demonstrated a higher tumor mutational burden. Conclusions: BrM harbored higher mutational burden and SNV-derived neoantigen expression along with reduced immune gene signature expression relative to primary TNBC. Immune signatures correlated with improved survival, including T cell signatures. Further research will expand these findings to other breast cancer subtypes in the same biobank. Exploration of immunomodulatory approaches including vaccine applications and immune checkpoint inhibition to enhance anti-tumor immunity in TNBC BrM is warranted.
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