ArticleNeuro-oncology advances
The effect of dexamethasone on the microenvironment and efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma: a systematic review.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Outcomes of Immunosuppressant Drugs in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026Pooled it
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating PDIA4, MMP-2, MMP-9, and Claudin-2 in Vitamin D-Deficient Patients with Brain Tumors: An Exploratory Clinical Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Functional outcome after repeat surgery of tumor progression or treatment-associated changes in high-grade glioma: Clinical and radiological predictors.Neuro-oncology practice · 2026Article
- Circadian-guided oncolytic virotherapy for glioblastoma.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Advances and challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: a meta-analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Comparable organs weights and histopathological changes after administration of dexamethasone during pregnancy in rats.Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Early withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid following malignant glioma craniotomy: a real-world population-based cohort study.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Neurosurgery as an immune anchor point: a translational framework for perioperative immunoengineering.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Calycosin attenuates LPS-induced microglia inflammatory responses and microglia-mediated synaptic impairment via modulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The role of dexamethasone during treatment phases in glioblastoma: Insights from a retrospective observational study.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Within and beyond the tumor: Mechanisms of glioblastoma-induced immunosuppression.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Spinal cord metastasis in a long-term survivor of primary malignant glioblastoma: A case report.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Dexamethasone-associated regression of glioblastoma.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomics Sheds Light on Tumor Evolution: Perspectives from City of Hope's Clinical Trial Teams.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Immune landscape of isocitrate dehydrogenase-stratified primary and recurrent human gliomas.Neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Clinical research framework proposal for ketogenic metabolic therapy in glioblastoma.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- Glioblastoma microenvironment-from biology to therapy.Genes & development · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has not proven clinically effective in glioblastoma. This lack of effectiveness may be partially attributable to the frequent administration of dexamethasone in glioblastoma patients. In this systematic review, we assess whether dexamethasone (1) affects the glioblastoma microenvironment and (2) interferes with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy efficacy in the treatment of glioblastoma. Methods: PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for eligible articles published up to September 15, 2021. Both in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, as well as clinical studies were selected. The following information was extracted from each study: tumor model, corticosteroid treatment, and effects on individual immune components or checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Results: Twenty-one preclinical studies in cellular glioma models ( Conclusions: Preclinical research shows that dexamethasone inhibits the antitumor immune response in glioma, thereby promoting a protumorigenic microenvironment. The efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in glioblastoma patients may therefore be negatively affected by the use of dexamethasone. Future research could investigate the potential of edema-reducing alternatives to dexamethasone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.