ArticleResearch in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP2022
Health literacy characteristics of over-the-counter rapid antigen COVID-19 test materials.
Article in Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Communicating the Imperfect Diagnostic Accuracy of COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Self-Tests: An Online Randomized Experiment.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2024Trial
- When Usability Isn't Enough: Understanding Rural Challenges in Respiratory Virus Test Interpretation.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Multilingual Accessibility of Health Websites for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: A Methodological Systematic Review.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Review
- Observational
- Assessing the Understandability and Actionability of Education Materials for Agricultural Workers' Health.Journal of agromedicine · 2025Article
- Evaluating understandability and actionability of online education materials for home-care patients with COVID-19 in Japan.BMC research notes · 2023Article
- Feasibility of At-Home Serial Testing Using Over-the-Counter SARS-CoV-2 Tests With a Digital Smartphone App for Assistance: Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
- Article
- Communications for US Populations With Limited English Proficiency During Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Scoping Review.Health securityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe United States Food & Drug Administration's emergency authorized use, in December 2020, of over-the-counter (OTC) rapid antigen COVID-19 tests was a pandemic control milestone.
objectiveTo assess health literacy-related characteristics of OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test materials.
methodsBetween September-December 2021, we identified eleven (n = 11) OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 tests available for purchase in the US. We assessed readability (Flesch Reading Ease and Fernández-Huerta), formatting and layout features of English- and Spanish-language step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test package insert instructions. Video-based step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test instructions were evaluated for understandability and actionability (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials [PEMAT-A/V]), overall quality (Global Quality Scale [GQS]) and cultural diversity and inclusiveness. Descriptive analyses were performed using IBM® Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.
resultsNine (81.8%) OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 tests included English-language (≈8th-9th reading grade level) step-by-step instructions, while 4 included Spanish-language (≈10th-12th reading grade level) instructions. On average, instructions were printed on a tabloid sized piece of paper, with text size ranging from 4 to 12 point and including nearly 20 illustrations. English-language step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test video-based instructions (n = 6) ranged from 1:04 to 5:41 min with PEMAT-A/V scores ranging from 80% to 100%. As indicated by GQS scores, English-language videos were of high quality (5 videos scored 5/5; 1 video scored 4/5). One COVID-19 test product manufacturing website included Spanish-language video-based instructions (time = 4:59 min; PEMAT-A/V = 100%; GQS = 5).
conclusionsOTC COVID-19 test step-by-step instructions-both package inserts and video-based-included features shown to foster patient understanding and facilitate proper use. Moving forward, greater attention needs to be placed on expanding both Spanish-language and video-based OTC COVID-19 test material availability to improve accessibility across diverse populations.
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