ReviewMolecular brain2022
Toll-like receptors and their role in neuropathic pain and migraine.
Review in Molecular brain, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- A multi-ancestry meta genome-wide association study of migraine among veterans: associations with traumatic brain injury, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- IRAK4 degrader in hidradenitis suppurativa and atopic dermatitis: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Peptides Trigger Nociceptive Responses Through Spinal TLR4 Pathways.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Low-Dose Naltrexone in Chronic Pain Management: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation and Pediatric Chronic Pain - A Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Sex-specific lateralization of the effects of exogenously-induced neuroimmune activation in the amygdala on pain-like behaviors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Microglia Polarization: A Key Regulatory Mechanism of Neuropathic Pain.Journal of pain research · 2026Review
- Association of Post-Amputation Stump Infection with Persistent Residual Limb Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- TLRs and NLRs modulate oral microbiome involvement in Alzheimer's disease.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cellular Senescence in Neuropathic Pain: Mechanistic Crosstalk.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Activation of NR2A-Wnt-TLR2 Signaling Axis in Satellite Glial Cells of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Nerve Injury in Diabetic Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Insights into the Involvement of TRPA1 Channels in the Neuro-Inflammatory Machinery of Trigeminal Neuralgia.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Abscisic Acid Rescues Behavior in Adult Female Mice in Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Model of Dopamine Depletion by Regulating Microglia and Increasing Vesicular GABA Transporter Expression.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Alcohol Consumption Modulates the Development of Chronic Pain in COVID-19 Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Mapping the publication trends of synaptic plasticity in neuropathic pain: A bibliometric analysis.Journal of anesthesia and translational medicine · 2024Article
- Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: The mechanisms of signal pathway regulation.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Oxidative Stress and Migraine.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- TLR2 Mediates Microglial Activation and Contributes to Central Sensitization in a Recurrent Nitroglycerin-induced Chronic Migraine Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurological disease of unknown etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. It has previously been reported that persistent pain may be mediated by the immune and inflammatory systems. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a significant role in immune and inflammatory responses and are expressed by microglia and astrocytes. One of the fundamental mechanisms of the innate immune system in coordinating inflammatory signal transduction is through TLRs, which protect the host organism by initiating inflammatory signaling cascades in response to tissue damage or stress. TLRs reside at the neuroimmune interface, and accumulating evidence has suggested that the inflammatory consequences of TLR activation on glia (mainly microglia and astrocytes), sensory neurons, and other cell types can influence nociceptive processing and lead to pain. Several studies have shown that TLRs may play a key role in neuropathic pain and migraine etiology by activating the microglia. The pathogenesis of migraine may involve a TLR-mediated crosstalk between neurons and immune cells. Innate responses in the central nervous system (CNS) occur during neuroinflammatory phenomena, including migraine. Antigens found in the environment play a crucial role in the inflammatory response, causing a broad range of diseases, including migraines. These can be recognized by several innate immune cells, including macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells, and can be activated through TLR signaling. Given the prevalence of migraine and the insufficient efficacy and safety of current treatment options, a deeper understanding of TLRs is expected to provide novel therapies for managing chronic migraine. This review aimed to justify the view that TLRs may be involved in migraine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.