ReviewHLA2022
Clinical utility of serial serum dilutions for HLA antibody interpretation.
Review in HLA, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Scientific Statement on pulmonary antibody-mediated rejection and proposed graft, antibody, and pathology (GAP) definition.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation · 2026Guideline
- Pre-transplant evaluation of immunological risk in paediatric kidney transplant recipients.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Autoreactive antibody production by intrarenal B cells in mouse kidney allograft rejection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From thresholds to trajectories: a perspective on reframing alloimmune risk for computational modeling in solid organ transplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Desensitization With Imlifidase: Overcoming Immunological Barriers in Kidney Transplantation.Kidney medicine · 2025Article
- Follow-up biopsies with microvascular inflammation and persistent donor specific antibodies identify ongoing rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Therapeutic vaccination with the Ag85B-Rv2660c-MPT70 fusion protein enhancesFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Interrogating post-transplant donor HLA-specific antibody characteristics and effector functions using clinical bead assays.Human immunology · 2024Article
- Open-Label Phase 1/2 Study of Daratumumab-Based Desensitization Before Kidney Transplantation.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Challenges and opportunities for designing clinical trials for antibody mediated rejection.Frontiers in transplantation · 2024Article
- Imlifidase for Kidney Transplantation of Highly Sensitized Patients With a Positive Crossmatch: The French Consensus Guidelines.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2023Article
- Translation of therapeutic strategies to modulate B cell reponses from non-human primate models to human kidney transplantation.Frontiers in transplantation · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Luminex single antigen bead (SAB) testing has increased the sensitivity and specificity of accurately identifying HLA antibodies, in support of all organ transplantation. However, as described in manufacturers' recommendation, the output of the assay, using mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) units, is only semi-quantitative. Therefore, the ability to use MFI values to compare between different assays, to accurately guide clinical practice, or be used as an endpoint measure in clinical trials, is limited. To improve potential quantification, one must circumvent inherent limitations of SAB assays such as interference and saturation phenomena. In this review, we discuss how measurement of pre-transplant serum dilutions can be used to determine unacceptable antigens for wait-listing, determine the likelihood for successful HLA antibody reduction with desensitization, and compare degree of HLA (in)compatibility among various living donors. We also discuss how serum dilutions are optimal for measuring and comparing the efficacy of antibody depletion therapies for desensitization or antibody mediated rejection treatment post-transplant. Historically, one of the main criticisms for the use of serum dilutions and titer has been the potential labor and cost associated with additional testing. Here, we show how only one or two dilutions can add major value in most circumstances. In summary, the practical use of serum dilutions and titer determination are important methods that can be used before and after transplantation of all organs to quantify antibody accurately and reliably in routine practice and in clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.